E-text prepared by Steven Gibbs, Keith Edkins, and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team (http://www.pgdp.net) Note: Project Gutenberg also has an HTML version of this file which includes the original illustrations. See 34283-h.htm or 34283-h.zip: (https://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/34283/pg34283-images.html) or (https://www.gutenberg.org/files/34283/34283-h.zip) Transcriber's note: Page numbers in curly braces (example: {25}) have been included in the text to enable the reader to use the index. A few typographical errors have been corrected; they are listed at the end of the text. [Illustration: GIORDANO BRUNO. From the Statue in the Campo dei Fiori, Rome.] HISTORY OF MODERN PHILOSOPHY by A. W. BENN, Author of "The History of English Rationalism in the Nineteenth Century," Etc. [Illustration: GIORDANO BRUNO. From the Statue in the Campo dei Fiori, Rome.] [ISSUED FOR THE RATIONALIST PRESS ASSOCIATION, LIMITED] London: Watts & Co., 17 Johnson's Court, Fleet Street, E.C. 1912 Printed by Watts and Co., Johnson's Court, Fleet Street, London, E.C. CONTENTS CHAPTER I. PAGE THE PHILOSOPHICAL RENAISSANCE 1 CHAPTER II. THE METAPHYSICIANS 31 CHAPTER III. THE THEORISTS OF KNOWLEDGE 65 CHAPTER IV. THE GERMAN IDEALISTS 101 CHAPTER V. THE HUMANISTS OF THE NINETEENTH CENTURY 124 BIBLIOGRAPHY 149 INDEX 153 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS GIORDANO BRUNO _Frontispiece_ PAGE FRANCIS BACON 13 RENÉ DESCARTES 34 BENEDICTUS SPINOZA 47 DAVID HUME 78 IMMANUEL KANT 86 G. W. F. HEGEL 111 ARTHUR SCHOPENHAUER 117 AUGUSTE COMTE 128 HERBERT SPENCER 138 {1} CHAPTER I. THE PHILOSOPHICAL RENAISSANCE