The mineral treasures of Phoenicia have not, in modern times, been examined with any care. The Jura limestone, which forms the substratum of the entire region, cannot be expected to yield any important mineral products. But the sandstone, which overlies it in places, is “often largely impregnated with iron,” and some strata towards the southern end of Lebanon are said to produce “as much as ninety per cent. of pure iron ore.”[291] An ochrous earth is also found in the hills above Beyrout, which gives from fifty to sixty per cent. of metal.[292] Coal, too, has been found in the same locality, but it is of bad quality, and does not exist in sufficient quantity to form an important product. Limestone, both cretaceous and siliceous, is plentiful, as are sandstone, trap and basalt; while porphyry and greenstone are also obtainable.[293] Carmel yields crystals of quarts and chalcedony,[294] and the fine sand about Tyre and Sidon is still such as would make excellent glass. But the main productions of Phoenicia, in which its natural wealth consisted, must always have been vegetable, rather than animal or mineral, and have consisted in its timber, especially its cedars and pines; its fruits, as olives, figs, grapes, and, in early times, dates; and its garden vegetables, melons, gourds, pumpkins, cucumbers. CHAPTER III--THE PEOPLE--ORIGIN AND CHARACTERISTICS Semitic origin of the Phoenicians--Characteristics of the Semites--Place of the Phoenicians within the Semitic group-- Connected linguistically with the Israelites and the Assyro- Babylonians--Original seat of the nation, Lower Babylonia-- Special characteristics of the Phoenician people--Industry and perseverance--Audacity in enterprise--Pliability and adaptability--Acuteness of intellect--Business capacity-- Charge made against them of bad faith--Physical characteristics.