The sacred literature--The people--Jehovah--The early ritual was simple--Contact with Canaanite religion--Danger of fusion--Religious conflict--The monarchy--Religion not centralised--The Prophets--The old religion national-- Criticism of the old religion by the prophets--Appearance of Universalism--Ethical monotheism--Individualism of the prophetic teaching--The reforms--Deuteronomy--Earlier codes-- The exile--The return; the reform of Ezra--Character of the later religion--Heathenish elements of Judaism--Spiritual elements--The Psalms--The Synagogue--The national hopes--The state after death . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179-216 CHAPTER XIII ISLAM Arabia before Mahomet--The old religion--Confusion of worship--Allah--Judaism and Christianity in Arabia--Mahomet, early life--His religious impressions--The revelations--His preaching--Persecution--Trials; decides to leave Mecca-- Mahomet at Medina--New religious union--Breach with Judaism and Christianity--Domestic--Conquest of Mecca--Mecca made the capital of Islam--Spread of Islam--The duties of the Moslem-- The Koran--Islam a universal religion . . . . . . . . . . . . 217-242 PART IV THE ARYAN GROUP CHAPTER XIV THE ARYAN RELIGION The Aryans, their early home--Their civilisation described-- Little known of their gods--Their worship was domestic . . . 243-255 CHAPTER XV THE TEUTONS The Aryans in Europe--The ancient Germans--The early German gods--The working religion--Later German religion--Iceland-- The Eddas--The gods of the Eddas--The twilight of the gods . 256-273 CHAPTER XVI GREECE People and land--Earliest religion; functional deities-- Growth of Greek gods--Stones, animals, trees--Greek religion is local--Artistic tendency--Early Eastern influences-- Homer--The Homeric gods--Worship in Homer--Omens--The state after death--Hesiod--The poets and the working religion--Rise of religious art--Festivals and games--Zeus and Apollo-- Change of the Greek spirit in sixth century B.C.--New religious feeling; the mysteries--Religion and philosophy . . 274-304 CHAPTER XVII THE RELIGION OF ROME Roman religion was different from Greek--The earliest gods of Rome are functional beings--The worship of these beings--The great gods--Sacred persons--Roman religion legal rather than priestly--Changes introduced from without--Etruria--Greek gods in Rome--The Graeco-Roman religion--Decay and confusion 305-323 CHAPTER XVIII THE RELIGIONS OF INDIA I. _The Vedic Religion_ Relation of Indian to Aryan religion--The Rigveda--The Vedic gods--Hymns to the gods--To what stage does this religion belong?--It is primitive--It is advanced--In spite of many gods, a tendency to Monotheism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 324-337 CHAPTER XIX INDIA II. _Brahmanism_ The caste system: the Brahmans--The growth of the sacred literature--Sacrifice--Practical life--Philosophy-- Transmigration--Later developments . . . . . . . . . . . . . 338-352 CHAPTER XX INDIA III. _Buddhism_