_Discontent with the Union_ (1)--_change of dynasty_ (2)--_Jacobite rising_ (3)--_measures of the Government_ (4)--_rising in the North of England_ (5)--_battle of Sheriffmuir_ (6)--_arrival of James_ (7)--_trials and penalties_ (8)--_malt-tax riots_ (9)--_Porteous riots_ (10)--_the Forty-five_ (11)--_taking of Edinburgh_ (12)--_battle of Preston-pans_ (13)--_battle of Falkirk_ (14)--_battle of Culloden_ (15)--_Charles's wanderings_ (16)--_penalties after the Forty-five_ (17)--_abolition of slavery_ (18)--_attacks on the Romanists_ (19)--_trials for sedition_ (20)--_Reform Bill_ (21)--_religious sects_ (22)--_the Disruption_ (23)--_social progress_ (24)--_literature and art_ (25)--_summary_ (26). =1. Discontent with the Union.=--Though the _Union_ was such a good thing for Scotland, the people were a long time in finding this out. The old national jealousy was roused; they thought that their dearly loved independence was being sacrificed. There were riots in different places; and though the people were quieted by the assurance that the insignia of loyalty, the regalia or crown jewels, should not be carried out of the kingdom, for long afterwards the Union was very unpopular, and had to bear the blame of everything that went wrong. There was still too a large party, chiefly in the Highlands, attached to _James Stewart_, known as the _Chevalier de St. George_ or the _Old Pretender_, as the Whigs called him. _Jacobitism_, which was in England a mere empty word used to express any sort of discontent with the existing state of things, meant something more in Scotland. There it was the traditionary feeling of loyalty and love towards the ancient line of kings; and for _James_, their representative, there were many who were ready to venture their lands, or their life if need were. As long as _Anne_ lived there was no excuse for an outbreak, for she too was a _Stewart_, and it was hoped that her brother might succeed her. =2. Change of Dynasty.=--When _Anne_ died, the son of _Sophia_, _George, Elector of Hanover_, succeeded without opposition, according to the _Act of Settlement_. Before long, he and his _German_ favourites became very unpopular. This gave the _Jacobites_ hopes that, if they raised the standard for _James_, all the discontented in both kingdoms would join them in an attempt to restore him to the throne of his fathers.