=13. Annexation of Strathclyde.=--_Malcolm I._ (943-954) succeeded Constantine, though not his son, but his kinsman, for the Scots did not adhere strictly to the order of succession which is now customary: though they kept to the royal family, they generally preferred the brother to the son of the last king. The great event of this reign was the annexation of _Strathclyde_, which had been conquered by the English king _Eadmund_, and was now granted by him to _Malcolm_ as a territorial fief, held on condition of doing military service by land and sea whenever it should be required. Thus Strathclyde became an appanage of the heir apparent to the Scottish crown. Of the six kings after Malcolm, _Induff_, _Duff_, _Colin_, _Kenneth II._, _Constantine III._, and _Kenneth III._, little is known. They passed their lives and met their deaths in struggles with the Welsh or with their own northern subjects. Under Induff the Scots got _Edinburgh_, which had been founded by Eadwine of Northumberland. =14. Acquisition of Lothian.=--_Malcolm II._, grandson of the first of the name, was the last of the direct line of Kenneth MacAlpin. His reign, which lasted thirty years, is notable from the fact that he managed to get hold of _Lothian_, the northern part of Northumberland. One of Malcolm's first acts was an invasion of this earldom. _Waltheof_, the earl, being old and feeble, shut himself up in his castle of _Bamborough_ and let Malcolm advance unresisted. He got as far as _Durham_, but there he was met and defeated by _Uhtred_, the vigorous son of the old Earl. Some years later, when his old enemy Uhtred was dead, Malcolm made a second invasion, and took ample revenge for his defeat at Durham in the brilliant victory at _Carham_, on the banks of the Tweed, in 1018. After this victory the Scots were in possession of Lothian, which _Eadulf Cutel_, now Earl of Northumberland, was not strong enough to take from them. It has been said that Lothian had been already granted by Eadgar of England to Kenneth III., who petitioned for it on plea of ancient hereditary right. If so, the Scots must have lost it again; but after the victory of Carham they had it and kept it, though their king held it as an English earldom, and did homage for it to the king of the English.