=17. English Immigration. Malcolm III., 1057-1093.=--The reign of this _Malcolm_, surnamed _Canmore_ or the _great head_, is a turning-point in Scottish history, which henceforth ceases to be essentially _Scottish_; the Celtic manners, language, laws, and customs being changed by the strong _English_ influence brought to bear on them in this and the following reigns. This change was in great measure due to the conquest of England in 1066 by the _Normans_ under _William the Conqueror_. The Scottish court was the nearest and most natural refuge for those Englishmen who would not yield to the strangers. Thither they flocked in great numbers, and there they found a hearty welcome. Among these exiles came _Eadgar the Ætheling_, the representative of the _West-Saxon kings_, and with him his mother and his two sisters _Margaret_ and _Christina_. Malcolm received them very kindly, and they stayed with him all the winter. In the beginning of his reign Malcolm had invaded England, where _Edward the Confessor_ was then king, and had wasted the shires of York and Northumberland, while _Tostig_ the earl was gone on a pilgrimage to Rome. He now made a second raid of the same sort, although, when William held his court at York two years before, he had sent in his nominal homage to him by the Bishop of Durham. This time he went on behalf of the Ætheling, and harried the districts of _Cleveland_ and _Durham_, which had already been wasted by William. His progress was marked by every species of cruelty, neither churches nor children were spared, and the Scots brought back so many captives that English slaves were to be found even in the very poorest households. Meanwhile Eadgar, who had taken part in two or three risings in England, again sought the protection of the Scottish court, and shortly after Malcolm succeeded in persuading Margaret to become his wife. He had before this been married to _Ingebiorg_, widow of _Earl Thorfin_ of Orkney, and had one son, _Duncan_.