=21. End of the Gaelic Period.=--With _Donald_ ends the _Gaelic_ or _Celtic_ period. The sons of Margaret carried out the reforms begun by their mother, and the _Celtic_ customs gave way more and more to the _Saxon_ influence both in the court and in the country. The King identified himself with his new nobles and with his English earldom, so that Lothian, as it was the richest, became the most prominent part of his dominions, and the true Scots of the North came to be looked on as savages and aliens, the natural enemies and perpetual disturbers of all peace and prosperity. The records of this period are so very scanty that any ideas of the state of the country or of the habits of the people are extremely misty, and are chiefly drawn from incidental notices of Scottish matters in the chronicles of other lands. The chief architectural fragments which remain to bear witness to its Christianity are the round bell-towers in the Irish style at _Brechin_ and at _Abernethy_. The church at Brechin was founded by _Kenneth the Third_. =22. Summary.=--The most noteworthy events in this the first period of Scottish history are the repulses which the Romans met with from the Picts; the coming of the Scots from Ireland; their union with the Picts under Kenneth MacAlpin; the introduction of Christianity by Columba; the conversion of the Picts and of the English, and the joining on of Strathclyde and Lothian to the Scottish Crown. We must also notice the strong feeling of hereditary right which kept the succession for so long in one family, and the remarkable revolution brought about by the English exiles, which completely turned the current of the national life, and led to much strife and bitterness between the two races of which the nation was made up. CHAPTER II. THE ENGLISH PERIOD. _Eadgar; invasion of Magnus_ (1)--_English marriage_ (2)--_Alexander I.; rising in Moray_ (3)--_Church reforms_ (4)--_David I._ (5)--_English war_ (6)--_Battle of the Standard_ (7)--_peace with England_ (8)--_internal improvements_ (9)--_Malcolm IV._ (10)--_subjection of Galloway_ (11)--_William the Lion_ (12)--_Convention of Falaise_ (13)--_homage at Lincoln_ (14)--_independence of the Church_ (15)--_internal troubles_ (16)--_social progress_ (17)--_Alexander II._ (18)--_settling of the border line_ (19)--_state of the North_ (20)--_Alexander III._ (21)--_his marriage and homage to England_ (22)--_last invasion of the Northmen_ (23)--_literature and architecture_ (24)--_state of the kingdom_ (25).