=9. English Government.=--Edward at once took measures for joining Scotland on as an integral part of the English kingdom. He took care that the strongholds should be commanded and garrisoned by persons without any Scottish connexion. He appointed _John, Earl of Warrenne and Surrey_, Guardian, _Hugh of Cressingham_, Treasurer, and _Ormsby_, Justiciar of the kingdom; sent them forms of writs to be used in the re-granting of lands; took measures for the establishment of _Courts of Chancery_ and _Exchequer_ at _Berwick_, and summoned a council of merchants to consider the best measures for the future conduct of the trade and commerce of the country. Cressingham was enjoined to raise all the money he could, for the maintenance of internal peace and order, and to put down the wicked rebels, homicides, and disturbers of the peace, who swarmed all over the land. =10. Wallace's Revolt.=--The Celts in the North looked on this change in the government with apathy. To them it probably made little difference who sat on the Scottish throne, and Edward had not entered their district. The Norman nobles quietly agreed to it, for they were afraid of losing their estates in England. But it roused a spirit of defiance and opposition where resistance was least to be looked for, among the Lowlanders. They were the descendants of the earliest Teutonic settlers, and had remained more purely English in blood and speech than their kinsfolk on the southern side of the Border. This latent feeling of discontent gradually ripened into rebellion, and the standard of revolt was raised by _William Wallace_, a native of Clydesdale, who, unlike most of his countrymen, had not sworn allegiance to Edward. He surprised and cut to pieces the English garrison at _Lanark_, and slew _William Haselrig_, the newly appointed sheriff of _Ayr_. This outbreak was followed by similar attacks on detached bodies of the troops in occupation. His little band of followers gradually attracted more, and at length they surprised the _Justiciar Ormsby_, while holding a court at _Scone_, and, though he escaped out of their hands, they secured both prisoners and booty. _Anthony Beck_, Bishop of Durham, was next attacked in _Glasgow_, and forced to flee. After these successes Wallace was joined by _William of Douglas_, a renowned soldier, and by _Robert Bruce, Earl of Carrick_, grandson of the original claimant of the crown.