=23. Summary.=--In this chapter we have seen how Scotland lost her independence by the selfish quarrels of her nobles and the weakness of her King John Balliol; how the rising of Wallace, the first effort for regaining her ancient freedom, was confined solely to the people without the nobles; how it came to nothing from the want of unity of purpose in the nation; how Scotland, after the failure of this attempt, had lost her separate national life and had been united to England; how, when all hope seemed lost, the people rose under a leader who was really a Norman baron, and therefore as much a foreigner to them as any of the governors placed over them by Edward; and how by one great effort they shook off the yoke of the invaders and drove them from the soil. CHAPTER IV. THE INDEPENDENT KINGDOM. _Robert I._ (1)--_Chapter of Mitton_ (2)--_Peace of Northampton_ (3)--_Robert's parliaments_ (4)--_his death_ (5)--_David II._ (6)--_Edward Balliol's invasion_ (7)--_battle of Halidon Hill_ (8)--_capture of the King_ (9)--_Robert II._ (10)--_the French allies_ (11)--_Raid of Otterburn_ (12)--Robert III. (13)--_Clan battle on the North Inch_ (14)--_relations with England_ (15)--_Albany's regency_ (16)--_battle of Harlaw_ (17)--_Scots in France_ (18)--_death of Albany_ (19)--_summary_ (20). =1. Robert I., 1314-1329.=--The independence which Scotland had lost was won back on the field of Bannockburn. She was to live on as an independent kingdom, not to sink into a mere province of England; but, as the English refused to acknowledge her independence, the war was carried on by repeated invasions and cruel wastings of the northern counties. _Douglas_, who was so popular that he was called the _Good Lord James_, and _Randolf_, whom Bruce created _Earl of Moray_, were the chief heroes of these raids. Edward was attacked too in another quarter, in _Ireland_, whither, at the call of the Celtic chiefs, _Edward Bruce_ had gone, like his brother Robert, to win himself a crown by valour and popularity. King Robert himself took over troops to help him. Edward was crowned King of Ireland, but he was killed soon after. Meanwhile the war on the Border still went on. Each side was struggling for _Berwick_. The Scots won it back, and the English did all they could to retake it, but in vain.