‘in the wind and tempest of her frown, Distinction, with a broad and powerful fan, Puffing at all, winnows the light away; And what hath mass, or matter, by itself Lies, rich in virtue, and unmingled.’ [13] In a painting which represents a sacrifice to Isis, Ant. di Ercolano, ii. 60, a priest is seen fanning the fire upon the altar with a triangular flabellum, such as is still used in Italy. (Smith’s _Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities_.) [14] Sir George Birdwood, Society of Arts, 1903. [15] George Rawlinson, _Five Great Monarchies of the Ancient World_. [16] Rawlinson. [17] 2 Kings i. 2, 3, 6, 16. [18] Pausanias, Frazer, vol. iii, 558. [19] ‘The fly-whisk in the picture is introduced because flies were held to be creatures of Beel-zebub, the god of flies, and therefore to be driven away.’ (Letter of Mr. W. Holman Hunt to the author.) [20] _National Encyclopædia._ [21] Layard, _Nineveh_. [22] Chambers’s _Dictionary of Arts and Sciences_. [23] See page 109. [24] Dennis, _Cities and Cemeteries of Etruria_. [25] _Revue de l’Art Chrétien_, 1883 [26] In a wall-painting of a sacrifice, Rome (Vatican), given by George Buss, _Der Fächer_, a circular fan-tablet is seen. [27] This also is the number lining the shed in which the King of Dahomey holds his Court, the outer ones, white, those in the centre, marking the spot occupied by his Majesty, displaying the brightest hues. [28] C. F. Gordon-Cumming, ‘Pagodas, Aureoles, and Umbrellas,’ _English Illustrated Magazine_, 1888. [29] In the Ayin Akbari, or Institutes of the Emperor Akbar, by Abdul Fazl, Akbar’s great minister, the following enumeration is given of the ensigns of state ‘which wise monarchs consider as marks of divine favour’:— The Aurung or throne, the Chuttur or umbrella, the Sayiban or sun-fan, and the Kowkebah or stars in gold and other metals which are hung up in front of the palace; and these four ensigns are used only by kings. The Alum, the Chuttertowk, and the Tementowk, all varieties of standards of the highest dignity, appropriated solely by the king and his military officers of the highest rank.—Birdwood, _Industrial Arts of India_. [30] Hon. Wilbraham Egerton, _Handbook of Indian Arms_. [31] Coomaraswarmy, _Mediæval Sinhalese Art_. [32] _Hindu Theatre._ [33] In the painting supposed to represent an Irânian Embassy of Khosru II. of Persia to Pulikêsi II., both flag-fan, long-handled pankhâ, and fly-flap appear. [34] The Tooth relic of Buddha, brought by a Brahman princess from Kālinga in A.D. 313, and since rendered the highest honours. [35] Anderson, _B.M. Catalogue_, p. 221. [36] In the romance of _Amadis of Gaul_ it will be remembered that Appolidon gathered up the superb purple and gold feathers of the Phœnix which had remained long enough in the island to change its plumage, to make a fan ornamented with a diamond and carbuncle, as a present from Amadis to Oriane on arriving at the island.