[37] M. Rondot quotes a passage from a native authority stating that the Chinese general, Tchou-ko-liang, commanded his three army corps holding a fan of white plumes. [38] G. Dumoutier, _Les Symboles, les Emblèmes et les Accessoires du culte chez les Annamites,_ pp. 116-18. [39] H. A. Giles, _Strange Stories from a Chinese Studio_, p. 64, note 13. [40] The traditional account is here given—some explanation of the absence of definite dates may be found in the hypothesis that there were _always folding-fans_—that the device of pleating a piece of paper or other material is so simple that it might occur to the youngest child. As a matter of fact, Nature herself invented the folded fan, as she may be said to suggest every invention. The palmetto leaf in its undeveloped shape is pleated and packed as neatly and completely as any folding-fan ever made. [41] This circumstance of the introduction of a new fashion by courtesans finds a curious parallel in Europe. Stow’s _Chronicle_, Howes’s edit., 1632, says: ‘Womens Maskes, Buskes, Muffes, Fanns, Perewigs, and Bodkins were first devised (_sic_) and used in Italy by _Curtezans_, and there received of the best sort for gallant ornaments, and from thence they came to England, about the time of the massacre of Paris.’ [42] S. W. Bushell, _Chinese Art_. [43] Her Imperial Majesty’s collection of fans has for some time been dispersed. [44] Abel Rémusat, _Mélanges posthumes d’histoire et de littérature_, quoted by G. Ashdown Audsley. [45] H. A. Giles, ‘Chinese Fans,’ _Fraser’s Magazine_, May 1879. [46] Kaname, the rock which holds the earth together and keeps it quiet, means the rivet of a fan. The great earthquake fish Namazu has the Giant Kashima for keeper, who was charged to subdue the eastern part of the world, and accomplished this feat by running his sword through the earth. In time the sword hardened into stone and was named Kaname (rivet). When Namazu becomes too violent and shakes the earth, Kashima jumps upon him with the rock Kaname. [47] ‘Upon a male child being presented at his birth to the temple of his father’s particular deity, he receives, amongst other gifts, two fans, while a girl receives a cake of pomade, which brings good looks.’ [48] Henri L. Joly, _Legend in Japanese Art_. [49] Josiah Conder, _Japanese Costume_. [50] Mrs. Salwey, _Fans of Japan_. [51] Anderson, British Museum _Catalogue of Japanese Paintings_. [52] Chapter XI. page 285. [53] Beautiful writing is highly prized both in China and Japan. Caligraphy, says Mr. S. W. Bushell (_Chinese Art_, p. 31), is a branch of the fine arts in China, and the penman who can write elegantly in sweeping lines with a flowing brush is ranked above the artist. [54] In this process of metal inlay, the ground is broken up by means of an engraver’s tool, the pattern formed of silver wire, hammered in.