By the 18th Fructidor the directory returns, with slight mitigation, to the revolutionary government--General peace, except with England--Return of Bonaparte to Paris--Expedition into Egypt--Democratic elections for the year VI.--The directory annuls them on the 22nd Floréal--Second coalition; Russia, Austria, and England attack the republic through Italy, Switzerland, and Holland; general defeats--Democratic elections for the year VII.; on the 30th Prairial the councils get the upper hand, and disorganize the old directory--Two parties in the new directory, and in the councils: the moderate republican party under Sieyès, Roger-Ducos, and the ancients; the extreme republican party under Moulins, Golier, the Five Hundred, and the Society of the Manège--Various projects--Victories of Masséna, in Switzerland; of Brune, in Holland--Bonaparte returns from Egypt; comes to an understanding with Sieyès and his party--The 18th and 19th Brumaire--End of the directorial system. THE CONSULATE CHAPTER XIV FROM THE 18TH BRUMAIRE (9TH OF NOVEMBER, 1799) TO THE 2ND OF DECEMBER, 1804 Hopes entertained by the various parties, after the 18th Brumaire-- Provisional government--Constitution of Sieyès; distorted into the consular constitution of the year VIII.--Formation of the government; pacific designs of Bonaparte--Campaign of Italy; victory of Marengo-- General peace: on the continent, by the treaty of Lunéville with England; by the treaty of Amiens--Fusion of parties; internal prosperity of France --Ambitious system of the First Consul; re-establishes the clergy in the state, by the Concordat of 1802; he creates a military order of knighthood, by means of the Legion of Honour; he completes this order of things by the consulate for life--Resumption of hostilities with England-- Conspiracy of Georges and Pichegru--The war and royalist attempts form a pretext for the erection of the empire--Napoleon Bonaparte appointed hereditary emperor; is crowned by the pope on the 2nd of December, 1804, in the church of Notre Dame--Successive abandonment of the revolution-- Progress of absolute power during the four years of the consulate. THE EMPIRE CHAPTER XV FROM THE ESTABLISHMENT OF THE EMPIRE, 1804-1814