[14] The Public Domain: Its History, etc.:38. [15] Pennsylvania: Colony and Commonwealth:66, 84, etc. Their claim to inherit proprietary rights was bought at the time of the Revolutionary War by the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania for L130,000 sterling or about $580,000. [16] Colonial Documents, iv:463. [17] Ibid.:535. [18] Ibid.:39. [19] Colonial Documents, iv:528. One of Bellomont's chief complaints was that the landgraves monopolized the timber supply. He recommended the passage of a law vesting in the King the right to all trees such as were fit for masts of ships or for other use in building ships of war. [20] "Colonial New York," 1:285-286. [21] According to Reynolds's "Albany Chronicles," Livingston was in collusion with Captain Kidd, the sea pirate. Reynolds also tells that Livingston loaned money at ten per cent. [22] Wright's "Industrial Evolution in the United States"; see also his article "Wages" in Johnson's Encyclopaedia. The New York Colonial Documents relate that in 1699 in the three provinces of Bellomont's jurisdiction, "the laboring man received three shillings a day, which was considered dear," iv:588. [23] Colonial Documents, iv:533-554. [24] Frederick and his son Adolphus. Frederick was the employer of the pirate, Captain Samuel Burgess of New York, who at first was sent out by Phillips to Madagascar to trade with the pirates and who then turned pirate himself. From the first voyage Phillips and Burgess cleared together L5,000, the proceeds of trade and slaves. The second voyage yielded L10,000 and three hundred slaves. Burgess married a relative of Phillips and continued piracy, but was caught and imprisoned in Newgate. Phillips spent great sums of money to save him and succeeded. Burgess resumed piracy and met death from poisoning in Africa while engaged in carrying off slaves.--"The Lives and Bloody Exploits of the Most Noted Pirates":177-183. This work was a serious study of the different sea pirates. [25] Colonial Docs, iv:533-534. On November 27, 1700, Bellomont wrote to the Lords of the Treasury: "I can supply the King and all his dominions with naval stores (except flax and hemp) from this province and New Hampshire, but then your Lordships and the rest of the Ministers must break through Coll. Fletcher's most corrupt grants of all the lands and woods of this province which I think is the most impudent villainy I ever heard or read of any man," iv:780. [26] This is the inventory given in "Abstracts of Wills," 1:323. [27] "Journal and Letters," 1767-1774. [28] Sparks' "Life of Washington," Appendix, ix:557-559. [29] Bigelow's "Life of Franklin," iii:470. [30] "Colonial New York," 1:232. CHAPTER III THE RISE OF THE TRADING CLASS The creation of the great landed estates was accompanied by the slow development of the small trader and merchant. Necessarily, they first established themselves in the sea ports where business was concentrated.