PLATO _founds the Academy.--His three primal Principles.--The Existence of a personal God.--Nature of the World and the Soul.--The ideal Theory, Generals or Types.--Reminiscence.--Transmigration.--Plato's political Institutions.--His Republic.--His Proofs of the Immortality of the Soul.--Criticism on his Doctrines._ RISE OF THE SCEPTICS, _who conduct the higher Analysis of Ethical Philosophy.--Pyrrho demonstrates the Uncertainty of Knowledge.--Inevitable Passage into tranquil Indifference, Quietude, and Irreligion, as recommended by Epicurus.--Decomposition of the Socratic and Platonic Systems in the later Academies.--Their Errors and Duplicities.--End of the Greek Age of Faith._ 143 CHAPTER VI. THE GREEK AGE OF REASON. RISE OF SCIENCE. THE MACEDONIAN CAMPAIGN.--_Disastrous in its political Effects to Greece, but ushering in the Age of Reason._ ARISTOTLE _founds the Inductive Philosophy.--His Method the Inverse of that of Plato.--Its great power.--In his own hands it fails for want of Knowledge, but is carried out by the Alexandrians._ ZENO.--_His Philosophical Aim is the Cultivation of Virtue and Knowledge.--He is in the Ethical Branch the Counterpart of Aristotle in the Physical._ FOUNDATION OF THE MUSEUM OF ALEXANDRIA.--_The great Libraries, Observatories, Botanical Gardens, Menageries, Dissecting Houses.--Its Effect on the rapid Development of exact Knowledge.--Influence of Euclid, Archimedes, Eratosthenes, Apollonius, Ptolemy, Hipparchus, on Geometry, Natural Philosophy, Astronomy, Chronology, Geography._ _Decline of the Greek Age of Reason._ 171 CHAPTER VII. THE GREEK AGE OF INTELLECTUAL DECREPITUDE. THE DEATH OF GREEK PHILOSOPHY. _Decline of Greek Philosophy: it becomes Retrospective, and in Philo the Jew and Apollonius of Tyana leans on Inspiration, Mysticism, Miracles._ NEO-PLATONISM _founded by Ammonius Saccas, followed by Plotinus, Porphyry, Iamblicus, Proclus.--The Alexandrian Trinity.--Ecstasy.--Alliance with Magic, Necromancy._ _The Emperor Justinian closes the philosophical Schools._ _Summary of Greek Philosophy.--Its four Problems: 1. Origin of the World; 2. Nature of the Soul; 3. Existence of God; 4. Criterion of Truth.--Solution of these Problems in the Age of Inquiry--in that of Faith--in that of Reason--in that of Decrepitude._ _Determination of the Law of Variation of Greek Opinion.--The Development of National Intellect is the same as that of Individual._ _Determination of the final Conclusions of Greek Philosophy as to God, the World, the Soul, the Criterion of Truth.--Illustrations and Criticisms on each of these Points._ 207 CHAPTER VIII. DIGRESSION ON THE HISTORY AND PHILOSOPHICAL INFLUENCES OF ROME.