Philadelphia likewise enjoyed much communal activity in that formative period of American-Jewish history. The first Jewish theological seminary in America, Maimonides College, was opened there in 1867 and existed for six years. The Hebrew Education Society, which was organized in 1848 and opened its school with twenty-two pupils in 1851, opened a second school in the vestry room of the Bene Israel Synagogue on Fifth street in 1878, and a third school on the northwest corner of Marshall street and Girard avenue in 1879. The first Jewish Hospital Association of that city was incorporated in 1865. The Jewish Maternity Association was founded in 1873. The Jewish Foster Home, which erected its first small building in 1855, was organized in its present form in 1874, since which time it has become one of the most important communal institutions there. The Young Men’s Hebrew Association was organized in 1875, a year later than the one in New York. The first Jewish Hospital in Chicago was erected on Lasalle avenue in 1868. It was destroyed by the great fire of 1871, and eight years later the funds which made possible the erection of the Michael Reese Hospital were donated for that purpose. The United Hebrew Charities of Chicago, originally the United Hebrew Relief Association, was organized in 1859, and changed its name later. The United Hebrew Charities of St. Louis was organized in 1875. CHAPTER XXVIII. NEW SYNAGOGUES AND TEMPLES. IMMIGRATION FROM RUSSIA PRIOR TO 1880. Continued increase in the wealth and importance of the German-Jewish congregations――New and spacious synagogues and temples erected in various parts of the country in the “sixties” and the “seventies”――Problems of Russian-Jewish immigration prior to 1880――Economic condition of the Jewish masses in Russia worse in the “golden era” than under Nicholas I.―― Emigration from Russia after the famine of 1867–68 and after the pogrom of Odessa in 1871――Presumption of the existence of a Hebrew reading public in New York in 1868――The first Hebrew and Yiddish periodicals.