placed at the head of the movement. Professor Richard J. H. Gottheil was elected President of the Federation, and held the position for six years, when he was succeeded, in 1904, by Dr. Harry Friedenwald (b. in Baltimore, 1864), whose father, Dr. Aaron Friedenwald (b. in Baltimore, 1836; d. there 1902), was one of the first Vice-Presidents of the Federation. The first Secretary was Rev. Stephen S. Wise (b. in Budapest, Hungary, 1872), who was brought to this country in his childhood, and is now the minister of the Free Synagogue in New York. His successors were Isidore D. Morrison, Jacob de Haas, Rev. Dr. Judah L. Magnes (b. in San Francisco, Cal., 1877) and Miss Henrietta Szold. The Federation consisted of about twenty-five societies, having a membership of about one thousand when it was first organized. At the Thirteenth Annual Convention, which was held in Pittsburg in July, 1910, it was reported that the number of societies was 215, and of Shekel payers 14,000. The Order Knights of Zion, which has its headquarters in Chicago, is considered as an independent Western Federation of Zionists. PART VII. THE TWENTIETH CENTURY. PRESENT CONDITIONS. CHAPTER XXXVI. SYNAGOGUES AND INSTITUTIONS. THE ENCYCLOPEDIA. ROUMANIA AND THE ROUMANIAN NOTE. Synagogues and other Jewish Institutions――General improvement and moderation――The Jewish Encyclopedia――Its editors and contributors――The Roumanian situation and the American Government’s interest in it since 1867――Benjamin F. Peixotto, United States Consul-General in Bucharest――Diplomatic correspondence between Kasson and Evarts――New negotiations with Roumania in 1902――The Roumanian Note to the signatories of the Berlin Treaty――The question still in abeyance.