The increase of the community between that time and the American Revolution was very slow in comparison with the fast growth of the general population of the city, which was less than 5,000 in 1700, about 9,000 in 1750, and nearly 23,000 in 1776. The natural increase and the additions which the Jewish community received by immigration, chiefly from England, was barely sufficient to counteract the loss of others who went to Newport, Charleston and Philadelphia. But, though small, it continued to be a highly respectable and influential body, having among its members some of the principal merchants of the city. Of this number was Hayman Levy (d. 1790) who carried on an extensive business chiefly with the Indians, and by winning their respect and confidence became the largest fur trader in the colonies. Upon his books are entries of moneys paid to John Jacob Astor (1763–1848), the founder of the Astor family, for beating furs at the rate of one dollar a day. Miss Zeporah Levy (d. 1833), a daughter of Hayman, was married in 1779 to Benjamin Hendricks, a native of New York, the founder of a well-known and long-maintained Jewish commercial house. CHAPTER X. NEW ENGLAND AND THE OTHER ENGLISH COLONIES. The Old Testament spirit in New England――Roger Williams――The first Jew in Massachusetts――Judah Monis, instructor in Hebrew at Harvard――Newport――Jews from Holland bring there the first degrees of Masonry――The cemetery immortalized by Longfellow―― Jacob Rodrigues Rivera introduces the manufacture of sperm oil――Aaron Lopez, the greatest merchant in America――Immigration from Portugal――Rabbi Isaac Touro――Visiting rabbis――First Jews in Connecticut――Philadelphia――Congregation Mickweh Israel―― Easton’s wealthy Jews――Maryland――Dr. Jacob Lumbrozo――General Oglethorpe and the first Jews of Georgia――Joseph Ottolenghi――The Carolinas――Charleston. Although “the Puritans of England and America appropriated the language of our judges and prophets” and the spirit of the Old Testament was the most potent force in the foundation and the conduct of the early Commonwealths of New England, still it was not a typical or recognized leader of those who deemed themselves members of a new Hebrew theocratic democracy, but rather an outcast from their ranks, who first granted full religious liberty to the Jews and bade them welcome. This man was Roger Williams (1600?‒1684), the former clergyman of the Church of England, who later (1631) became a Puritan pastor in Salem, Mass., and was expelled for denying the right of the magistrates to punish Sabbath-breaking, and was four years later “banished from the jurisdiction of the Puritans of America, and driven into the wilderness to endure the severity of our northern winter and the bitter pangs of hunger.”[8]