[22] [The most important of these were: Great Poland, in the northwest, with the leading cities of Posen and Kalish; Little Poland, in the southwest, with Cracow and Lublin; and Red Russia, in the south, on which see p. 53, n. 2. In 1319 Great Poland and Little Poland were united by Vladislav Lokietek (see p. 50), who assumed the royal title. His son Casimir the Great annexed Red Russia. Thenceforward Great Poland, Little Poland, and Red Russia formed part of the Polish Kingdom, with Cracow as capital, though they were administered as separate Provinces. On the Principality of Mazovia, see p. 85, n. 1.] [23] Some coins bear the inscription משקא קרל פולסקי, "Meshko (= Mechislav) Król Polski," "Meshko, king of Poland," or ברכה משקא, "Benediction [on] Meshko." Other coins give the names of the Jewish minters, such as Abraham, son of Isaac Nagid, Joseph Kalish, etc. [24] [_Das Magdeburger Recht_, a collection of laws based on the famous _Sachsenspiegel_, which was composed early in the thirteenth century in Saxony. Owing to the fame of the court of aldermen (_Schöppenstuhl_) at Magdeburg, the Magdeburg Law was adopted in many parts of Germany, Bohemia, Hungary, and particularly of Poland. One of its main provisions was the administrative and judicial independence of the municipalities.] [25] [They were organized in mercantile guilds and trade-unions and formed the estate of burghers, called in Polish _mieszczanie_--pronounced _myeshchanye_--and in Latin _oppidani_, "town-dwellers," thus standing midway between the nobility, or _Shlakhta_ (see p. 58, n. 1), and the serfs, or _khlops_.] [26] [The word, spelled in Polish _wojewoda_, signifies, like the corresponding German _Herzog_, military commander. The voyevoda was originally the leader of the army in war and the representative of the king in times of peace. After the unification of Poland, in 1319, the voyevodas became the administrators of the various Polish provinces (or _voyevodstvos_) on behalf of the king. Later on their duties were encroached upon by the starostas (see below, p. 60, n. 1). With the growth of the influence of the nobility, which resented the authority of the royal officials, their functions were limited to the calling of the militia in the case of war and the exercise of jurisdiction over the Jews of their province. They were members of the Royal Council, and as such wielded considerable influence. Their Latin title was _palatinus_.] [27] [_Judex Judaeorum._ He was a Christian official, generally of noble rank. See p. 52.] [28] [In Polish, Wladyslaw. The name is also found in the forms Wladislaus and Ladislaus.] [29] [_I. e._ "Span-long," so called because of his diminutive stature.] [30] A privilege denied to them by the canons of the Church. [31] [Lvov, written in Polish Lwów, is used by the Poles and Russians; Lemberg is used by the Germans.]