II. THE JEWISH COLONIES IN POLAND AND LITHUANIA 1. The Immigration from Western Europe during the Period of the Crusades 39 2. The Charter of Prince Boleslav and the Canons of the Church 43 3. Rise of Polish Jewry under Casimir the Great 50 4. Polish Jewry during the Reign of Yaghello 54 5. The Jews of Lithuania during the Reign of Vitovt 58 6. The Conflict between Royalty and Clergy under Casimir IV. and His Sons 61 III. THE AUTONOMOUS CENTER IN POLAND AT ITS ZENITH (1501-1648) 1. Social and Economic Conditions 66 2. The Liberal Régime of Sigismund I. 70 3. Liberalism and Reaction in the Reigns of Sigismund Augustus and Stephen Batory 83 4. Shlakhta and Royalty in the Reigns of Sigismund III. and Vladislav IV. 91 IV. THE INNER LIFE OF POLISH JEWRY AT ITS ZENITH 1. Kahal Autonomy and the Jewish Diets 103 2. The Instruction of the Young 114 3. The High-Water Mark of Rabbinic Learning 121 4. Secular Sciences, Philosophy, Cabala, and Apologetics 131 V. THE AUTONOMOUS CENTER IN POLAND DURING ITS DECLINE (1648-1772) 1. Economic and National Antagonism in the Ukraina 139 2. The Pogroms and Massacres of 1648-1649 144 3. The Russian and Swedish Invasions (1654-1658) 153 4. The Restoration (1658-1697) 158 5. Social and Political Dissolution 167 6. A Frenzy of Blood Accusations 172 7. The Massacre of Uman and the First Partition of Poland 180 VI. THE INNER LIFE OF POLISH JEWRY DURING THE PERIOD OF DECLINE 1. Jewish Self-Government 188 2. Rabbinical and Mystical Literature 198 3. The Sabbatian Movement 204 4. The Frankist Sect 211 5. The Rise of Hasidism and Israel Baal-Shem-Tob 220 6. The Hasidic Propaganda and the Growth of Tzaddikism 229 7. Rabbinism, Hasidism, and the Forerunners of Enlightenment 235 VII. THE RUSSIAN QUARANTINE AGAINST JEWS (TILL 1772) 1. The Anti-Jewish Attitude of Muscovy during the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries 242 2. The Jews under Peter I. and His Successors 246 3. Elizabeth Petrovna and the First Years of Catherine II. 254