[76] [The so-called _Jüdisch-Deutsch_, which was by the Jews brought from Germany to Poland and Lithuania. It was only in the latter part of the seventeenth century that the dialect of Polish-Lithuanian Jewry began to depart from the _Jüdisch-Deutsch_ as spoken by the German Jews, thus laying the foundation for modern _Yiddish_. See Dubnow's article "On the Spoken Dialect and the Popular Literature of the Polish and Lithuanian Jews in the Sixteenth and the First Half of the Seventeenth Century," in the periodical _Yevreyskaya Starina_, i. (1909), pp. 1 _et seq._] [77] [_I. e._ Red Russia, or Galicia.] [78] _Yeven Metzula_ [see p. 157, n. 1], towards the end. [79] [Literally, "our teacher," a title bestowed since the Middle Ages on every ordained rabbi.] [80] [Literally, "companion," "colleague," a title conferred upon men who, without being ordained, have attained a high degree of scholarship.] [81] [Abbreviation for Rabbi Solomon ben Isaac (d. 1105), a famous French rabbi, whose commentaries on the Bible and the Talmud are marked by wonderful lucidity.] [82] [A school of Talmudic authorities, mostly of French origin, who, in the twelfth and thirteenth centuries, wrote _Tosafoth_ (literally, "Additions"), critical and exegetical annotations, distinguished for their ingenuity.] [83] [Hebrew for "Rows," with reference to the four rows of precious stones in the garment of the high priest (Ex. xxviii., 17)--title of a code of laws composed by Rabbi Jacob ben Asher (died at Toledo ab. 1340). It is divided into four parts, dealing respectively with ritual, dietary, domestic, and civil laws. The _Turim_ was the forerunner of the _Shulhan Arukh_, for which it served as a model.] [84] [Isaac ben Jacob al-Fasi (_i. e._ from Fez in North Africa) (died 1103), author of a famous Talmudic compendium.] [85] עמודי שש, ed. Lemberg, 1865, pp. 18b, 61b. [86] It has been conjectured that the same scholar occupied, some time between 1503 and 1520, the post of rector in Poland itself, being at the head of the yeshibah in Cracow. [87] [Two of his Responsa were published in Cracow, ab. 1540. See Zedner, Catalogue British Museum, p. 695. A new edition appeared in Husiatyn, in 1904, together with _Hiddushe Aaron Halevi_.] [88] רמ״א [initials of _R_abbi _M_oses _I_(א=o)sserles]. [89] [See p. 118, n. 1.] [90] Popularly, however, Isserles' supplements are called _Haggahoth_ ("Annotations"). [91] רש״ל [initials of _R_abbi _SH_elomo _L_uria]. [92] [See p. 117, n. 4.] [93] [Allusion to I Kings vii. 23-26.] [94] [Allusion to Lev. vi. 2.] [95] [See p. 118, n. 1.] [96] [The titles of the various parts of his work are all composed of the word _Lebush_ ("Raiment") and some additional epithet, borrowed, with reference to the author's name, from the description of Mordecai's garments, in Esther viii. 15.]