=Bulyghin=, Russian Minister of Interior, receives rescript from Nicholas II. concerning Duma, III 110 Chairman of Committee to discuss Jewish franchise, III 121 recommends denial of Jewish franchise, III 122 "the Bulyghin Constitution" published, III 124 "=Bund=," League of the Jewish Workingmen of Lithuania, Poland, and Russia, organized (1897), III 56 ff holds secret conventions, III 56 f demands Jewish-national rights, III 57 arranges demonstrations, III 68; and strikes, III 130 held responsible for pogroms, III 89 boycotts First Duma, III 134 refuses co-operation with other Jewish parties, III 111, 148; see Revolutionary Movement and Socialism =Burghers= form estate in Poland, I 44 hostile to Jews, I 70 enter into relations with, I 84 f receive civil rights from Polish Diet, I 279 form estate in Russia, I 308 restricted in right of transit, I 322 bear burden of conscription, II 23, 29; later relieved, II 200 subject to corporal punishment, II 405 artisans included in estate of, II 405 segregation of Jews as unsettled B. proposed by Nicholas I., 142 f =Burgomaster=, office of, barred to Jews, II 199, 425 =Burtas=, Slav tribe, I 26 =Butrymovich= (_Polish_, Butrymowicz), Polish deputy, member of Jewish Commission, I 264, 287 f offers plan of Jewish reform, I 271, 274, 281 ff, 283 his plan used as a model, I 326 f, 385 =Byelaya Tzerkov= (_Polish_, Bialocerkiew), Treaty of (1651), readmits Jews to Ukraina, I 152 =Byzantine Sea, The=, see Black Sea =Byzantium, Empire of=, influences Jewish colonies in Tauris, I 17 ff Jews persecuted in, I 23 f Jews emigrate from, to Tauris, I 28 relation of, to Khazars, I 19 ff defeats Khazars in Crimea, I 28 relation of, to Russia, I 30 relations of Hasdai Ibn Shaprut with, I 24 =Cabala=, firmly entrenched in Poland, I 134 f attracts Solomon Luria, I 126 esteemed and defended by Joel Sirkis, I 130, 133 vies with Rabbinism, I 199 study of, forbidden before the age of forty, I 214 adopted by sect of Frankists, I 214 studied by Elijah of Vilna, I 235 preached by Nohum of Chernobyl, I 382 =Cabala=, Practical, name explained, I 134 spreads in Poland, I 134 f, 202 ff introduced from Italy, I 208 studied and pursued by Besht, I 222 f, 224 =Cadets, The=, see Constitutional Democrats =Calahora, Arie-Leib=, Jewish martyr in Posen, I 174 f =Calahora, Mattathiah=, Jewish martyr in Cracow, I 164 f =Calahora, Solomon=, Polish court physician, I 132 =Caliphate=, Eastern, or Caliphate of Bagdad, checks movement of Khazars, I 19 relation of, to Khazars, I 22 =Caliphate, of Cordova=, connected by Hasdai ibn Shaprut with other lands, I 24 =Calvinists=, in Poland, welcome invading Swedes, I 155