=Commerce=, Jews as mediators in, between Europe and Asia, I 23 Jews engage in, with Slav countries, I 39 Jews in Polish C., I 264, 266 f Polish kings encourage Jews in, I 85 Sigismund III. confirms Jewish rights of (1588), I 93 Jews restricted in, in Posen, I 74 f; Lemberg, I 75; Cracow, I 98; Vilna, I 99 restrictions in, imposed upon Jews by Polish Diets (1538), I 78; (1768), I 182; (1643), I 99 anti-Jewish restrictions in, demanded by Synod of Piotrkov (1542), I 82; and by Polish journalist (1798), I 281 Russian Government permits Jews to engage in, at fairs of Little Russia and Kharkov government, I 250 ff Little Russians plead for admission of Jews in interest of, I 260 f Jews in Russian C., I 359 f; II 366 deprecated by I. B. Levinsohn, II 126; and other Maskilim, II 137 attitude of Russian Government towards Jewish C., II 185 Jews with higher education granted unrestricted right of (1904), III 98; see also Economic Life and Merchants =Commission=, "C. for Jewish Reform," appointed by Polish Diet (1790), I 287 ff project of, submitted to Diet and postponed, I 289 resumes labors but fails, I 290 Butrymovich, member of, I 264 project of, adopted by Friesel, Russian governor of Vilna, I 326 f =Commission=, "High C. for revision of current Laws concerning Jews" ("Pahlen C."), appointed 1883, II 336 composition of, II 336 examines material of "Gubernatorial Commissions," II 337, 363 futility of, II 337 serves as screen for anti-Jewish legislation, II 338 discusses projected educational restrictions against Jews ("school norm"), II 339; votes against them, II 349 conclusions of, II 363 ff deprecates Jewish disabilities, II 364, 366 refers to revolutionary leanings of Jews, II 364 f criticize Jewish separation and exploitation, II 365 describes poverty of Jews, II 366 f; favors gradual emancipation of Jews, II 368 f minority of, favors continuation of repression policy, II 369; supported by Alexander III., II 370 invites Jewish experts, II 369 f disbanded, II 380 =Commissions=, the Gubernatorial, appointed to counteract "injurious influence" of Jews (1881), II 272 ff circular of Ignatyev concerning appointment of, II 273; quoted by Cardinal Manning, II 289 anti-Jewish recommendations of, II 275 influence Central Committee for Revision of Jewish Question, II 277, 309 material of, examined and discarded by Pahlen Commission, II 337, 363 charges of, denied by Jewish Conference, II 307 =Commission=, the Rabbinical, see Rabbinical Commission