=Church Council=, or Synod, of Breslau (1266), introduces canonical laws into Poland, I 47 f of Buda (1279), passes anti-Jewish restrictions, I 49 of Constance (1420), attended by Polish ecclesiastics, I 57 of Kalish (1420), ratifies former canonical enactments against Jews, I 57 f of Piotrkov (1542), adopts "Constitution" against Jews, I 82 f, 171 of Lovich (1720), forbids building of new synagogues, I 171 of Plotzk (1733), insists on necessity of Jewish suffering, I 171 =Chwolson, Daniel=, professor, converted Jew, member of Committee to investigate ritual murder, II 151 disproves ritual murder, II 205 member of Executive Committee of Society for Diffusion of Enlightenment, II 214 =Cilicia= (Asia Minor), harbors Jewish communities, I 14 =Cimmerian Bosporus=, see Bosporus =Cincinnati=, Max Lilienthal, rabbi of, II 59 "=Circular Jews=," name explained, II 404 privileges of, withdrawn, II 428 =City Government=, see Municipalities =Civil Service=, Jews barred from by Church councils, I 49 Jews in Russian army promised admission to, II 29 possessors of learned degrees admitted to, II 165 Jewish physicians admitted to, II 167; barred from, III 27 Jews in general barred from, II 352; III 26; see Tax-Farmer =Clement XIII.=, pope, protects Polish Jews, I 180 =Clement XIV.=, see Ganganelli =Cohen, Jacob Joseph=, disciple of Besht, I 227, 230 f stirs wrath of Elijah Gaon, I 237 =Cohen, Joshua Falk=, rabbi of Lublin, I 111 f presides over Council of Four Lands, I 128 head of talmudic academy in Lemberg, I 128 =Cohen, Naphtali=, Polish rabbi, engages in magic and enters into relations with Sabbatians, I 204 =Cohen, Nehemiah=, Messianic propagandist, I 207 =Cohen, Sabbatai=, called _Shak_, of Vilna, author of commentary on _Shulhun Arukh_, I 130 issues epistle picturing persecutions of 1648, I 157 f =Colchians=, tribe, I 15 =Colonies=, Jewish, in South Russia, visited by emissary of Baron Hirsch, II 418 pogroms in, II 271; III 35 =Colonization, of Jews=, undertaken by Russian Government in New (South) Russia, I 352, 363 ff; II 70 ff; checked by Government, II 365 in White Russia, II 72 in Siberia, II 71 in Palestine, II 321 f; III 42, 46, 49; promoted by Baron Rothschild, II 375 in United States, II 328, 374 in Russia, proposed by Baron Hirsch, II 415; and by ICA of Paris, III 10; but discouraged by Russian Government, III 24 f in Argentina, II 416, 421; see Agriculture