=Handicrafts=; see Artisans =Hannover, Nathan=, of Zaslav, historian, describes Council of Four Lands, I 111 pictures Jewish intellectual life in Poland, I 116 ff gives account of Khmelnitzki massacres, I 157 =Hanukkah=, king of Khazars, I 26 =Hardenberg=, Prussian representatives at Congress at Aix-la-Chapelle, I 399 =Harkavy=, quoted, I 23 =Harrison=, President of United States, publishes diplomatic papers bearing on Russian Jews, II 294, 394 describes, in message to Congress, plight of Russian Jewry, II 408 f =Hasdai Ibn Shaprut=, of Cordova, corresponds with king of Khazars, I 24 ff _Ha-Shahar_, Hebrew monthly, edited by Smolenskin, II 218, 234 publishes Gordon's epics, II 229 champions "Love of Zion" movement, II 332 _Ha-Shiloah_, Hebrew monthly, edited by Ahad Ha'am, and later by Klausner, III 58, 162 f =Hasidim=, adherents of Judah Hasid, I 209 emigrate to Palestine, I 209 ff adherents of Hasidism; see Hasidism struggle between H. and old-orthodox (_Mithnagdim_), I 238, 274, 278, 375 f H. of Vilna rejoice over death of Gaon, I 375 granted right of secession by Statute of 1804, I 356, 379 H. of Old-Constantinov "protest" against Nicholas I., II 22 H. of Poland refuse to discard Jewish dress, II 145 =Hasidism=, founded by Besht, I 222 doctrine of, expounded by Besht, I 22, 224 ff counteracts Rabbinism, I 224 f; and Messianism, I 222; and Asceticism, I 227 propagated by Besht's apostles, I 229 ff opposes Haskalah, I 238 f bitterly opposed by Elijah of Vilna, I 236 ff, 372 ff spread of, I 231 f triumph of, I 371 f growth of, under Alexander I., I 381 ff stagnation of, under Nicholas I., II 116 ff in North (White Russia and Lithuania), I 381 f, II 117 f in South (Ukraina), I 382 f, II 119 ff in Poland, I 384, II 122 f retrogressive character of, I 278, II 124 encourages use of alcohol, II 124 f restrictions against, suggested by Friesel, governor of Vilna, I 327 denounced by rabbi of Pinsk, as dangerous to Russian Government, I 378 extermination of, recommended by Kalmansohn, I 385 criticized by David Friedländer, II 90 attacked, or silently opposed, by I. B. Levinsohn, II 127 f subjected to rigorous censorship (1864), II 212 literature of, declared by I. B. Levinsohn as dangerous to State, II 130 See Hasidim, Tzaddiks, and Shneor Zalman