=Heder=, traditional Jewish school, imparts elementary education, I 114 Bible and Talmud principal subjects of instruction at, I 114, 121 secular subjects excluded from I 277 left to private initiative, but supervised by Kahal, I 114 pupils of, examined weekly by head of yeshibah, I 118 attendance at, compulsory for boys, I 114, 121 negative effects of, I 277 shortened attendance at, suggested by Dyerzhavin, I 333 criticised by Russian Council of State, II 49 abolition of, suggested by Lilienthal, II 53 defended by Rabbinical Commission, II 57 placed under Government supervision (1812), II 56; (1856), II 176 keepers of (Melammeds) required to possess secular education (1844), II 58 recognized by ukase of 1879, II 177 6,000 H's, in Russian South-west, II 194 legalized and restricted to religious subjects (1893), II 427 f See Education, School, and Yeshibah =Heder=, for poor children, called Talmud Torah, maintained by public funds, I 114 f pupils of, examined weekly by trustee, I 118 provided for, by Council of Four Lands, I 195 established in Moscow, III 13 =Helena=, Russian princess, sympathizes with "Judaizing heresy," I 36 =Helfman, Hesia=, participates in plot against Alexander II., II 244 =Heliconias=, name of Greek-speaking Jew, I 115 =Heller, Lipman=, rabbi of Cracow, describes persecutions of 1648, I 58 =Helsingfors= (Finland), Russian Zionists hold Convention at, III 144 f "H. Program" gradually weakened, III 146 =Heniochi=, tribe, I 15 =Hennadius=, archbishop of Novgorod, combats "Judaizing heresy," I 37 =Henry of Valois=, elected king of Poland, I 89 =Heracles=, name of slave freed by Crimean Jewess, I 15 =Herem= (Excommunication), right of, granted by Polish kings to rabbi of Brest (1531), I 73, 105; to rabbis of Great Poland (1551), I 106; to Kahals of Lithuania (1672), I 190 proclaimed against Sabbatians by rabbis assembled at Lemberg (1722), I 211; (1725), I 211 issued against Frankists by rabbis assembled at Brody, I 214 issued against Hasidim by rabbinical court of Vilna (1722), I 237; by rabbis assembled at Brody, I 237; and at Zelva (Grodno), I 237; reaffirmed by Elijah of Vilna (1796), I 373 f new H. against Hasidim contemplated by Kahal of Vilna (1797), I 375 issued by Kahal of Vilna against Simeon Volfovich (1788), I 276 Jews of Minsk complain about abuse of (1782), I 275 prohibited by Statute of 1804, I 344 prohibition of, occasionally disregarded, I 367 power of, criticised by Polish assimilationists, II 101 secret exercise of, alleged by Brafman, II 188