=Kahal= (Jewish Community), under Russian régime, attitude of Government towards, I 308 ff admission of Jews to city government conflicts with separate organization, I 308 Jews of annexed White Russia in K's. (1772), I 308 sanctioned by Senate (1776), I 309 granted right to issue passports, I 309 charged with collection of state taxes, I 309 endowed with judicial powers, I 309 Government changes attitude towards, I 310 confined to religious and fiscal functions (1786), I 313 deprived of civil and judicial powers (1795), I 319 promise of Government to maintain judicial powers of, violated, I 320 preservation of, due to fiscal considerations, I 320, 366 establishment of, in Courland, due to same motives (1799), I 321 curtailed status of, recognized in Statute of 1804, I 344 admission to city government fails to weaken power of, I 368 ff Government forced to extend functions of, I 367 Government communicates with K's., I 336, 339 K. of Minsk decides to send delegation to St. Petersburg (1802), I 336 K's. invited by Government to elect deputies (1803), I 337; (1806), I 349 ordered to assist Jews expelled from villages (1810), I 351 represented at army headquarters (1812), I 358 elected representatives of K's., called "Deputation of Jewish People," act as advisory council to Government (1818-1825), I 393 ff K. of Grodno entrusted with police duties (1812), I 357 Alexander I. receives K. of Kalish, I 358 Alexander I. assures K's. of his high favor (1814), I 359 K. of Minsk inquires about attitude of Vilna Gaon towards Hasidism, I 373 Gaon issues appeal to K's. against Hasidism (1796), I 373 Hasidim kept within K. by Statute of 1804, I 379 demoralized by hasidic schism, I 371, 379 suppression of, advocated by nobility of Lithuania (1800), I 326; and Dyerzhavin (1800), I 332 made responsible for supply of recruits (1827), II 19 f K's. directed to elect recruiting trustees, II 19 trustees of, turned into police agents, II 22 f K. of Vilna complains to Council of State about oppression of Jews, II 38 f; pleads for abolition of cantonists, II 36 f functions of, regulated by Statute of 1835, II 41 Council of State criticises power of (1840), II 47; and suggests dissolution of, II 49 abolished by Nicholas I. (December 19, 1844), II 59 ff retained as fiscal and recruiting agency, I 60 ff demoralized condition of, II 112 elders of, made personally responsible for quota of recruits (1850), 147 f misdeeds of, portrayed by Mapu, II 227; by Gordon, II 230; by Bogrov, II 241 Brafman accuses Jews of secret continuation of, in Russia, II 188; and of organizing international "World K.," II 189