=Kaffa= (now Theodosia), Crimea, maintains commercial relations with Kiev, I 33 becomes Genoese colony and international emporium, I 33 f Jews flock to, I 34 taken by Turks (1475), I 34 Khoza-Kokos, Jewish native of, exercises great influence, I 35 Jews, expelled from Lithuania, emigrate to, I 65 =Kahal= (Jewish community), under Polish régime, forms cultural, national, and civil entity, I 103 signifies "community" and "communal administration," I 105 autonomy of, recognized by Casimir the Great, I 52 fully established by Sigismund II. (1551), I 106 f organization of, I 106 f elections to, I 192 oligarchic character of, I 192 f functions of, I 107 f acts as fiscal agency, I 107, 181; and valued as such by Government, 189 f manages Jewish institutions, I 107 executes civil acts, I 107, 190 supervises elementary education, I 114 f has separate judiciary, I 83, 191 elders of, attached to general courts, I 84 K. chamber serves as a seat of judiciary, I 191 f relation of, to Polish authorities, I 191 federation of K's., I 104, 108 f, 112, 193, 196 f Conferences (or _Waads_), of federated K's., I 108 ff relation of K's. to one another, I 193 minor K's. called _Pri-Kahalki_, I 108, 193 autonomy of, stimulates learning, I 121; exerts beneficient effect on Jewish life, I 189 Polish Jews exhorted by rabbis to obey K's., I 188 f Blackmailed by Polish officials, I 169 K. of Brest ordered by authorities to hold elections (1719), I 192 K. of Lemberg receives constitution from voyevoda (1692), I 191 f court of Vilna K. excommunicates Hasidim (1772), I 237 K. of Vilna engages in litigation with rabbis, I 275 f financial indebtedness of K's., I 290 degeneration of, I 274 ff Jews of Minsk complain against (1782), I 275 Simeon Volfovich of Vilna urges abolition of (1788), I 276 abolition or curtailment of, urged by Poles, I 280 ff weakening of, recommended by Kalmansohn (1796), I 385 defended by Hirsch Yosefovich, rabbi of Khelm, I 283 supervision over, recommended by Abraham Hirschovich, I 284 abolition of, recommended by Committee of Polish Government (1815), II 89 abolition of, favored by Polish-Jewish assimilationists, II 101 criticised by David Friedländer, II 90 abolished in Poland (December 20, 1821-January 1, 1822), II 102 superseded by "Congregational Board," II 102 f See also Autonomy and Courts