=Khazars=, various forms of name, I 18 appear in Caucasus, I 19 establish kingdom on Volga, I 19 penetrate as far as Kiev, I 19 establish another center in Crimea, I 19 f church attempts conversion of, I 20 converted to Judaism, I 20 f invite teachers from Babylonia, I 21 inner life of, I 22 Jewish merchants travel through kingdom of, I 23 Jews of Byzantium flee to, I 23 f Hasdai Ibn Shaprut corresponds with king of, I 24 ff K's. defeated by Russians, I 28 withdraw to Crimea, I 28 K's. in Crimea destroyed by Russians and Byzantines, I 28 relatives of last king of, flee to Spain, I 28 Jews from kingdom of, attempt conversion of Vladimir, I 30 settle in principality of Kiev, I 31 civilizing influence of, on Kiev, II 252 =Khazars, Sea of=, name for Caspian Sea, I 23 =Khazaria=, name for Crimea, I 28 ff =Khelm= (province of Lublin), bishop of, imprisons Jews on charge of host desecration, I 86 rabbi of, author of Polish pamphlet defending Jews, I 283 =Kherson= (city), visited by White, emissary of Baron Hirsch, II 418 =Kherson= (government), seat of Zaporozhian Cossacks, I 143 Jews settled as agriculturists in, I 363 f, II 71 included in Pale (Statute of 1835), II 40 pogroms in, II 251, 304, III 33, 100 governor of, deplores effect of Jews on their domestics, I 404 Localities in: Alexandria, III 100 Anayev, II 251 Borki, II 378 Kantakuzenka, III 33 =Khlopitzki=, Polish dictator, declines offer of Jewish volunteers, II 105 =Khlops=, nickname for Polish peasants, I 140, 182; see Serfs =Khmelnitzki= (_Polish_, Chmelnicki), =Bogdan=, I 144 ff elected Hetman by Cossacks, I 144 forms alliance with Tartars of Crimea, I 144 defeats Polish army, I 145 heads rebellion of Ukrainians against Poles, I 145 organizes massacre of Jews, I 145 sends detachment of Cossacks against Niemirov, I 146 derides Polish generals, I 149 besieges Lemberg, I 150 f demands delivery of Jews, I 151 receives ransom and withdraws, I 151 defeated by Poles, I 152 signs Treaty of Byelaya Tzerkov (1651), I 152 enters into negotiations with Tzar Alexis, I 152 f extent of K. massacres, I 157 recollection of K. massacres stirs later Ukrainians, I 182 185 reports of K. massacres arouses Sabbatai Zevi, I 205 K. massacres described by Gogol, II 139; and Bogrov II 242 See Cossacks =Kholonyevski=, member of Polish Diet, objects to extension of Jewish rights, I 288 =Khomyakov=, Russian poet, condemns régime of Nicholas I., II 141