=Lilienthal, Max=, native of Bavaria, II 52 director of modern Jewish school in Riga, II 52 commissioned by Russian Government to carry out school reforms, II 53 visits Vilna, II 54; meets with approval of local Maskilim, II 136 f meets with opposition in Minsk, II 55 presents report to Uvarov, Minister of Public Instruction, II 55 tours Russian South and South-west, II 56 assured by Jewish communities of co-operation, II 56 campaign of, hailed by Jewish leaders of western Europe, II 67 not supported by Isaac Baer Levinsohn, II 136 emigrates to America, II 59 quoted, II 55 =Lippomano=, papal nuncio, instigates host trial of Sokhachev, I 86 f =Liquor=, use of, encouraged by Hasidim, II 124 f =Liquor Trade=, see Propination =Literature=, rabbinic L. in Poland, I 121 ff; see also Hebrew, Yiddish, and Russian =Lithuania=, Kiev incorporated in, I 94 Volhynia annexed by, I 59 "Union of Lublin," between Poland and L. (1569), I 88 annexed by Russia (1795), I 297 Jews emigrate from Crimea into, I 35 important Jewish communities in, I 59 Jews of, obtain charter from Vitovt (1388), I 59 favorable economic condition of Jews in, I 60, 72 f Jewish tax farmers in, I 72, 94 Karaites in, I 60 Jews expelled from (1493), and allowed to return (1503), I 65, 70 f Jews of, suspected of sheltering proselytes, I 80; and of planning to leave country, I 81 cleared of suspicion by royal charter (1540), I 81