"=Lithuanian Statute=" (1566) imposes restrictions on Jews, I 87 blood accusations in, I 87 f, 96, 162 ff "Union of Lublin" affects unfavorably Jews of, I 88 Ukrainian rebels penetrate into, I 149 invaded by Russians (1654 ff), I 153 ff, 156, 264 Jews, persecuted by Cossacks, flee to, I 157 Jewish cultural center moves to, I 159 f Jewish conditions in, described by Solomon Maimon, I 239 f Jews of, barred from Russia, I 243 f; yet penetrate into Moscow, I 245 numbers of Jews in, I 263 f included in Pale (1795), I 317; (1804), I 342; (1835), II 39 Polish nobility of, advocate Jewish reforms (1800), I 325 f Jews establish woolen mills in, I 363 Jewish agricultural colonies in, II 72 Jews admitted to municipal government in, I 369; but speedily disfranchised, I 370 Jews of, loyal to Russia in Polish insurrections of 1861 and 1863, II 107, 182 f Russian authorities of, believe Brafman's charges against Jews, II 189 pogroms checked in, II 267, 276 Jewish labor movement in, III 55 Jews of, called Litvaks, object of Polish anti-Semitism, III 166 f Jewish communities of, represented on Council of Four Lands, I 110; but later form separate Council (1623), I 112, 193 f, 195 Michael Yosefovich appointed "senior" of Jews of, I 72 Kahals of, granted right of _herem_ (1672), I 190 different intellectual development in, I 221 strong position of Rabbinism and Talmudism in, I 199 f, 221, II 113 Elijah of Vilna, champion of Rabbinism in, see Elijah of Vilna yeshibahs of, adopt method of Elijah of Vilna, I 381 f Messianism preached among Jews of, I 208 Hasidim penetrates into, I 230 ff, 237 type of Hasidism in, I 232 f rabbis of, oppose Hasidism, II 233, 237 f Kahals of, appealed to against Hasidism, I 373 Hasidism weak in, I 274, 372 Hasidim of, denounced to Russian authorities, I 376 spirit of denunciation (_mesirah_) among Jews of, I 377 f disintegration of Kahals in, I 275 f Jews of, plead for preservation of Kahal courts, I 320 greater political sense among Jews of, I 379 rabbis of, arbitrate between Kahal and rabbi of Vilna, I 276 rabbis of, appeal to I. B. Levinsohn to refute blood accusation, II 131 opposition to secular learning among Jews of, II 114 f Haskalah movement in, see Haskalah and Vilna Hebrew writers originate from, II 238 =Little Poland=, see Poland, Little =Little Russia=, see Russia, Little =Livadia=, summer residence of Alexander III., II 429, III 18 =Livonia=, inhabitants of, demand admission of Jews, I 256 Empress Elizabeth refuses to admit Jews into, I 257 Jews expelled from (1744), I 257 Jewish newcomers expelled from (1829), II 32; see Baltic Provinces =Lizno= (Galicia), Elimelech of, hasidic leader, I 232