=Military Service= (or =Conscription=), Jews of Poland free from, I 304 payment of ransom in lieu of, confirmed by Polish law (1812), I 304; (1817), II 95; (1831), II 107 imposed on Jews of Poland (1843), II 109 imposed on Jews of Austria, II 30 merchants in Russia exempted from, by paying conscription tax, I 318; II 15 merchants subjected to (1874), II 200 imposition of, on Jews planned by Alexander I., II 15 conceived by Nicholas I. as means of de-Judaization, II 15 danger of imposition of, on Jews set forth by Novosiltzev, II 16 Jews alarmed by rumors concerning imposition of, II 17 imposed upon Jews by conscription ukase of August 26, 1827, II 18 ff, ukase reaffirmed in Statute of 1835, II 41 juvenile M. S., see Cantonists certain classes of Jews exempted from, II 20 weight of, falls principally on burghers, II 29 horrors of, II 24 ff, 27 ff, 145 ff Jews of Old-Constantinov "protest" against, II 21 f early marriages due to fear of, II 28 alleviations in, proposed by Council of State and rejected by Nicholas I., II 36 ineffectiveness of, in reforming Jews pointed out by Council of State (1840), II 48 term of, reduced for graduates of Crown schools (1844), II 58 Jewish agriculturists exempted from, II 71 shunned by Russians in general, II 146 evaded by Jews, II 146 barbarous penalties decreed for evasion of (1850), II 147 f severities of, repealed by Alexander II. (1856), II 155 ff tax in lieu of, proposed for graduates of secular schools and rejected (1859), II 164 newly regulated by Law of 1874, II 199 ff discriminations against Jews in new M. S. Statute of 1874, II 200 f, 355 evasion of, punished by fining family of recruit (1886), II 356 fine for evasion of, stimulates emigration, II 373, 414 Jewish emigrants relieved from, II 420 See Army, Recruits, and Soldiers =Milton=, indirect effect of, on Hebrew literature, II 135 =Minor=, rabbi of Moscow, refuses blackmail offer of Lutostanski, II 203 dismissed from office and exiled by Russian Government, II 423 f