=Pogroms= (under Polish régime), occasioned by Black Death, I 52 at Cracow, I 56 f, 63 f, 97, 102, 161, 166 at Lemberg, I 64 at Posen, I 64, 75, 90, 95, 166 at Brest-Kuyavsk, I 75 at Brest-Litovsk, I 99 at Vilna, I 94, 99 at Warsaw (1790), I 285 ff occasioned by meetings of provincial diets, or dietines, I 170 perpetrated by Polish irregular troops (1656), I 155 f suppressed by Sigismund I., I 76 energetically opposed by Stephen Batory, I 90 forestalled by Sigismund III., I 97 prevented by Vladislav IV., I 98 forbidden by diet of Warsaw (1717), I 171 perpetrated by theological students (_Schülergelauf_), I 161 student P's. forbidden by Mechislav III. (1173), I 42; and condemned by Polish diet, I 166 f =Pogroms= (in the Ukraina), under Pavluk, Cossack leader (1637), I 144 under Khmelnitzki, Cossack leader, (1648), I 145 ff by Haidamacks (1768), I 183 at Uman, I 184 f =Pogroms= (under Russian régime), term explained, II 191 perpetrated in Poland by invading Russians (1563), I 243; (1654), I 153 f, 245 checked by Peter the Great (1708), I 248 at Odessa (1871), II 191 ff; halts assimilation endeavors, 215 f; depicted by Smolenskin, II 245; produces staggering effect on Orshanski, II 239 initiation of policy of (1881), I 247 carefully prepared by Government agents, II 248 _Katzaps_, or Great Russians, imported for perpetration of, II 248, 256, 359, III 115 at Yelisavetgrad (April, 1881), II 249 ff in district of Yelisavetgrad and government of Kherson, II 251 at Kiev (April, 1881), II 251 ff; effects of, minimized by Government press, II 255 f; tried in court, II 264 f new P's. in South Russia, II 256 ff averted at Berdychev by Jewish self-defence, II 256 f at Odessa (May, 1881), II 257 f; Jewish self-defence punished, II 264 believed by peasants to have been ordered by Tzar, II 257 ascribed by Government to Russian revolutionary propaganda, II 259 f, 269, 279 later attributed by it to Jewish economic exploitation, II 261, 315 Government indifferent towards victims of, II 263 perpetrators of, receive slight sentences in court, II 264 outbreak of new P's. in South Russia (summer 1881), II 265 ff suppressed in Lithuania and White Russia, II 267, 276 replaced there by incendiary activities, II 267 give rise to emigration movement, II 267 f at Warsaw (December, 1881), II 280 ff; effect of, on Europe and America, II 283; London, II, 287; welcomed by Government "Jewish Committee," II 310 Alexander III. regrets necessity of suppressing, II 284 Jews hold public mourning for victims of, II 286 cause agitation in England, II 287 f Mansion House Meeting in London protests against (February