=Poland=, first partition of (1772), I 262 condition of Jews in, after first partition, I 263 ff, 270 schemes for improving condition of Jews in, I 271 ff, 284 inner life of Jews in, I 274 ff Hasidism spreads in, I 231 f problem of Jews in, discussed in Polish literature, I 280 ff Polish Diet appoints committee to consider Jewish question, I 287 f; postpones action, I 290 second partition of (1793), and revolution under Kosciuszko, I 292 f patriotism of Jews in, I 292 ff third partition of (1795), I 297 reconstituted by Napoleon as Duchy of Warsaw (1807), I 297 equality of all citizens proclaimed in, I 298 Government of, suspends emancipation of Jews (1808), I 299, II 100 f Government of, passes anti-Jewish restrictions, I 300 assimilated Jews of, apply for equal rights, I 300 ff; and are refused, I 302 Jews of, released from military service (1812), I 304 Jews of, barred from liquor trade (1812), I 304, II 100 French influences among Jews of, I 385 f growth of Hasidism in, I 384, II 122 Poles side with Napoleon in Franco-Russian War, I 355; and threaten to massacre Jews and Russians, I 357 reconstituted as "Kingdom of Poland," and assigned by Congress of Vienna to Russia [Russian Poland, or Congress Poland] (1815), I 390 granted complete autonomy by Alexander I., II 88 number of Jews in kingdom of, I 390 Government of, appoints Committee on Jewish Question (1815), II 89 David Friedländer of Berlin submits memorandum on Jews of, II 90 Zayonchek, viceroy of, opposed to Jewish emancipation, II 91 f Polish Diet unfriendly to Jews of, II 93 f, 99 f Government of, passes anti-Jewish restrictions, II 94 f condition of Jews in, discussed in Polish literature, II 95 ff blood accusation in, II 74; forbidden by Russian Government, II 99 assimilationist tendencies among Jews of, II 100 ff Kahals abolished in, and replaced by _Gminas_ (1822), II 102 Government of, appoints Committee to Polonize Jews, II 103 anti-Semitism in, II 104 f, 178 Polish insurrection of 1831, II 33, 105 Jews volunteer in revolutionary army of, II 105 ff Polish writers express sympathy with Jews, II 108 f Nicholas I. imposes conscription on Jews of (1843), II 109 f prohibition of Jewish dress in Russia extended to (1845), II 110 Jews of, continue to wear Jewish dress, II 145 influence of Talmud prevails in, II 51 Hasidism firmly established in, II 122 f Polish insurrection of 1863, II 178 ff, 182 f patriotic attitude of Jews in, II 179 ff Jewish disabilities in, removed by Alexander II. (1862), II 181; and re-established by Alexander III., 367 Jews of, accused of separation, II 195