=Polish Language= used for literary purposes by Nahman and Belzhytz, I 136 f by rabbi of Khelm, I 283 by anonymous orthodox rabbi, II 98 by Jewish weekly, II 213 See also Language and Polonization =Politz=, Universal History by, translated into Hebrew, II 134 =Pollak, Jacob=, of Prague, introduces _pilpul_ method into Poland, I 122 =Pollak=, of Minsk, offer of, to establish Jewish agricultural colony refused by Government, III 25 =Polonization=, advocated by David Friedländer and his followers, I 386, II 90 champions of, advocate abolition of Jewish autonomy, II 100 rabbinical seminary at Warsaw established for, II 103 among Jewish _intelligenzia_ in Poland, II 182 extreme form of, in Warsaw, II 213 =Polonnoye= (Volhynia), Khmelnitzki massacre in (1648), I 148 f Jacob Joseph Cohen, rabbi of, I 227, 230 =Polotzk= (government of Vitebsk), Jews of, drowned by Russian invaders (1654), I 243 Jewish coachmen of, forbidden to drive beyond Pale, II 70 government of, former name for government of Vitebsk; see Vitebsk (government) Kahal of, appealed to by Elijah of Vilna against Hasidism, I 373 =Polovtzis=, succeed Khazars as masters of Crimea, I 29 =Poltava= (city), Osip Rabinovich, Russian-Jewish writer, native of, II 238 =Poltava= (region, or government), subject to Poland, I 140 ceded to Russia (1667), I 159 included in Pale (1794), I 317; (1835), II 40 Pavluk, Cossack leader, massacres Jews of (1637), I 144 Jews forbidden residence in (1649), I 151; readmitted (1651), I 152 Jewish communities of, disappear almost entirely (1648), I 157 few Jews survive in (after 1648), I 246 Jews of White Russia settle in, 321 Jews expelled from villages of, II 341 Localities in: Borispol, II 267 Lokhvitz, I 145 Lubny, I 144, 145 Pereyaslav, I 145; II 265 Piryatin, I 145 =Pomerania=, annexed by Prussia (1772), I 187, 262 =Poniatovski, Stanislav Augustus=, king of Poland (1764-1795), reign of, I 180 ff election of, preceded by change in system of Jewish taxation, I 197 protects Simeon Volfovich, spokesman of Vilna Jewish masses, against Kahal, I 276 receives plan of Jewish reform from Hirshovich, royal broker, I 284 grants solemn audience to Jews, I 290 f =Pontus Euxinus=, see Black Sea =Populism= (in Russian, _narodnichestvo_), branch of Russian revolutionary movement, II 222 f anti-Semitic tendency of, II 279 f influences Jacob Gordin, II 333 =Popiel=, ancient Polish ruler, I 40 =Popov=, member of "Jewish Committee" of Russian Government, I 352 =Port Arthur=, Jews expelled from, III 94; and denied right of residence in, III 157