=School=, traditional Jewish, see Heder and Yeshibah modern Jewish S's. in Odessa (1826), II 133; and in Riga and Kishinev, II 52 S. of Handicrafts (in Zhitomir) closed by Alexander III. (1884), II 347 large S. fund offered to Russian Government by Baron Hirsch, II 415; transferred to S's. in Galicia, II 416 Jewish trade S. in Moscow, III 13 Talmud Torah S. in Moscow, III 13 sending of Jews to Russian Government S's. urged by Friesel, governor of Vilna, I 327, and Dyerzhavin, I 333 Statute of 1804 permits Jews to attend Government S's., or to open secular S's. of their own, I 344 f Jews shun secular S's., I 350, 380 graduates of Government S's. exempted from military service (1827), II 20 Council of State criticises traditional Jewish S. (1840), II 48; and suggests special Government (or Crown) S's. for Jews, II 49 opening of network of Jewish Crown S's. urged by Uvarov, II 51 S. of Lilienthal in Riga serves as model, II 52 Lilienthal commissioned to organize Crown S's., II 56 opening of Crown S's. decreed by Nicholas I. (1844), II 58 attendance at Crown S's. made compulsory, II 58 attendance at Crown S's. stimulated by alleviation in military service, II 58, 164, 174 graduation from Crown S's. made obligatory for rabbis and teachers, II 58 Crown S's. expected to weaken influence of Talmud, II 51, 58 Crown S's. opened (1847), II 59, 174 attendance at Crown S's. insignificant, II 175 Crown S's. closed (1873), II 177 J. L. Gordon and Levanda active as teachers in Crown S's., II 228, 239 Russian Government abandons fight against traditional Jewish S. (1879), II 177 attendance at general Government S's. urged by Russian officials, II 163 ff Jews begin to flock to Russian S's., II 209 Russian S's. as assimilationist factor, II 209 governors-general of Odessa and Kharkov suggest restrictive percentage for Jews at gymnazia (school norm), II 339 question of S. norm submitted by Pahlen Commission, II 339; and disapproved by majority thereof, II 348 Dyelanov, Minister of Public Instruction, directed by Alexander III. to frame enactment embodying S. norm, II 339, 349 S. norm decreed by ministerial circular (1887), II 350 f; without preliminary submission to Council of State, II 349 S. norm results in large number of Jewish "externs," II 351, III 31 attendance at commercial S's. and gymnazia further restricted (1901), III 29 f Jewish girls free to attend secondary S's. (gymnazia), but restricted in higher S's., III 30 f Pahlen, governor of Vilna, advocates separate S's. for Jews (1903), III 152 S. norm abolished in institutions of higher learning (1905),