Pope Gregory IX--Emperor Frederick II and the Jewish Scholars, Jehuda Ibn-Matka and Jacob Anatoli--The Jewish Legislation of Frederick of Austria--The Martyrs of Aquitaine and Gregory IX --Louis IX of France and his Enmity to the Jews--Attacks on the Talmud--The Apostate Nicholas-Donin--Disputation at the French Court between Yechiel of Paris and Nicholas-Donin--Judah of Melun--The Talmud burnt at Paris--The Church and Jewish Physicians--Moses Ibn-Tibbon and Shem-Tob Tortosi--Papal Bull acquitting Jews of the Blood-accusation--The Last French Tossafists--The Jews of England--The Jewish Parliament--Alfonso the Wise and the Jews of Spain--Meïr de Malea and his Sons--The Jewish Astronomers Don Judah Cohen and Don Zag Ibn-Said--The Jews of Aragon--De Penyaforte and the Apostate Pablo Christiani --The First Censorship of the Talmud--Nachmani's Disputation with Pablo--Influence of Nachmani--The Karaites _page_ 563 1236-1270 C. E. CHAPTER XVIII. THE AGE OF SOLOMON BEN ADRET AND ASHERI. Martyrs in Germany--The Jews of Hungary and Poland--The Council at Buda--The Jews of Spain and Portugal--Solomon ben Adret, his character and writings--Raymund Martin's anti-Jewish Works--New antagonism to the Maimunist Philosophy--David Maimuni--Moses Taku--Meïr of Rothenburg--The Jews of Italy--Solomon Petit-- Rudolph of Habsburg--Emigration of Jews from the Rhine Provinces--Sufferings of the English Jews--Expulsion of the Jews from England and Gascony--Saad Addaula--Isaac of Accho _page_ 610 1270-1306 C. E. HISTORY OF THE JEWS. CHAPTER I. THE DECAY OF JUDÆA AND THE JEWS IN DISPERSION. The Zendik Religion--King Kobad and Mazdak the Reformer-- Revolt of the Jews--Mar-Zutra--Revival of the Schools-- The Saburaïm--The Talmud committed to writing--Tolerance of Chosru II--The Christianization of Judæa--The Jews under Byzantine Rule--Justinian--Persecution of the Samaritans-- Benjamin of Tiberias--Attack on Tyre--The Emperor Heraclius. 500-628 C. E.