=Apostasy to Christianity= among Jews after the destruction of Jerusalem, =2=, 322. in the early Christian centuries, =2=, 377. under Constantine, =2=, 562-3. in Hamburg, =4=, 687, 690. in Vienna, =4=, 706. among the Chassidim, =5=, 213. among the Frankists, =5=, 287. among the Jews of Germany, =5=, 420. in Berlin, =5=, 587. _See also under_ Conversions to Christianity; Marranos, the. =Apostasy to Islam= among Jews in the East in the twelfth century, =3=, 441-2. among Sabbatians, =5=, 153-4, 211. among Chassidim, =5=, 213. _See also under_ Conversions to Islam. =Apostasy to paganism= among Jews in Alexandria, =2=, 184. =Apostate=, an, the disappearance of, causes annoyance to the Jews of Paris, =4=, 175. in Breslau, charges the Jews with host desecration, =4=, 261. =Apostates=, account of, by Philo, =2=, 184. in Alexandria, =2=, 209. act as spies upon the Jews under Hadrian, =2=, 425. Constantine protects the Jews against, =2=, 564. excommunicated by the later Patriarchs, =2=, 612-13. decisions concerning, by Natronaï ben Nehemiah, =3=, 122. repentant, kindly received by Gershom ben Jehuda, =3=, 264. permitted by Emperor Henry IV to return to Judaism, =3=, 306. returning, unkindly treated by the Jews, =3=, 308-9. forbidden to retain Jewish customs, =3=, 510. house for, in England, =3=, 644. validity of the evidence of, =4=, 36-7. force the Jews to attend church, =4=, 132. inform against Marranos, =4=, 180. in Spanish satiric literature, =4=, 181. favored by the Council of Basle, =4=, 246. employed as censors, =4=, 566, 659. annoy the Jews of the Papal States, =4=, 581, 584. refrain from defending the German Jews, =5=, 533. Heine on, =5=, 548-9, 551-2. assert the falsity of the blood accusation, =5=, 650. _See also under_ Apostasy; Conversions; Marranos, the.