=Chayim Ibn-Musa= (1390-1460), polemic writer against Christianity, =4=, 235-7. controversy of, with a Christian, =4=, 236. refutes Nicholas de Lyra’s charges, =4=, 237. rules by, for religious controversies, =4=, 237. =Chayim Benveniste.= _See_ Benveniste, Chayim. =Chayim Cohen=, disciple of Jacob Tam, =3=, 381. =Chayim Malach=, leader of a Sabbatian sect, =5=, 212. doctrines of, =5=, 213. joins the Donmäh, =5=, 214. travels of, =5=, 214. =Chayim Vital Calabrese= (1543-1620), Kabbalist, youth of, =4=, 623. meets Isaac Lurya, =4=, 623-4. spreads reports about Lurya’s gifts, =4=, 624. usurps authority over Lurya’s disciples, =4=, 625. alleged forerunner of the Messiah, =4=, 625; =5=, 53. in Palestine and Syria, =5=, 52-3. invites Kabbala enthusiasts to Damascus, =5=, 53. alleges possession of Lurya’s manuscripts, =5=, 53. brother and son of, =5=, 53. writings of, sought, =5=, 54. Messianic speculation in the Kabbala of, =5=, 120-1. adherents of, in Jerusalem, =5=, 125. descendant of, =5=, 267. disfigures Judaism, =5=, 559. =Chayon, Nehemiah Chiya= (1650-1726), Sabbatian, education of, =5=, 215. character of, =5=, 215-16. doctrines of, =5=, 216-17. excommunicated, =5=, 216. publishes a pamphlet, =5=, 217. preaches Sabbatian doctrines at Prague, =5=, 217-18. submits his work to Naphtali Cohen, =5=, 218. enters into relations with Löbele Prosnitz, =5=, 219. prints his work in Berlin, =5=, 219-20. at Amsterdam, =5=, 220. denounced, =5=, 221-2. work of, denounced, =5=, 222. supported by Ayllon and Pinto, =5=, 223. work of, examined by a Portuguese committee, =5=, 223. excommunicated, =5=, 224, 231. acquitted of heresy, =5=, 224-5. homage paid to, =5=, 225. opposed by Brieli, =5=, 225. calumniates his opponents, =5=, 226. exposed, =5=, 227. disgrace of, =5=, 227. ban removed from, =5=, 228. returns to Europe, =5=, 230-1. death of, =5=, 231. son of, =5=, 231. influences Eibeschütz, =5=, 248. =Chayuj.= _See_ Jehuda Ibn-Daud. =Chayyat.= _See_ Judah ben Jacob Chayyat. =Chazanuth=, synagogue chanting, =3=, 118. =Chazaria=, the Crimean peninsula, =3=, 138. the Ten Tribes in, =3=, 141. =Chazars=, the, friendly to the Jews, =3=, 123. Jews settle in the capital of, =3=, 124. found a kingdom, =3=, 138. warlike, =3=, 138. conquer the Crimea, =3=, 138. converted to Judaism, =3=, 139-40, 327-30. victorious over the Arabs, =3=, 139. taught the Bible and Talmud, =3=, 140. influences of Judaism on, =2=, 141. judicial system of, =3=, 141. information about, brought to Spain, =3=, 219-20. power of, in the tenth century, =3=, 221. flee before Sviatislav, =3=, 222. Jewish princes of, take refuge in Spain, =3=, 254. the land of, visited by Petachya, =3=, 421.