=Commerce=, under Uzziah, =1=, 230. pursued by Alexandrian Judæans, =1=, 504. under the Herodians, =2=, 118. between Jews and Christians forbidden, =2=, 620; =4=, 203, 216. among the Jews of the Frankish and Burgundian kingdoms, =3=, 35. in the hands of Jews in the eighth century, =3=, 142-3. international, in the hands of Jews, =3=, 162. in the hands of the Jews under the Saxon emperors, =3=, 242-3. the, of southern France, carried on by Jews, =3=, 391. the, of Venice, in the fifteenth century, =4=, 285. of the Turkish Jews, =4=, 401. of the Jews in Poland, =4=, 419. capacity for, an argument for the admission of Jews into England, =5=, 40-1. the, of the Jews, described by Simone Luzzatto, =5=, 82-3. stagnation of, during the Sabbatian movement, =5=, 149. forbidden partly to the Jews of Alsace, =5=, 348. the, of Jews under the Napoleonic law, =5=, 524-5. =Commercial Hall=, meeting place of the Synhedrion in Bethany, =2=, 239. =Commodus=, emperor, profligacy of, =2=, 447. death of, =2=, 448, 463. “=Communities= of the Friends of Light,” Protestant societies, =5=, 682, 683. “=Compositions=,” grammatical work by Yizchaki, =3=, 273. “=Concerning= the Jews and their Lies,” by Luther, =4=, 548-9. “=Concerning= the superstitions of the Jews,” letter addressed to Louis the Pious, =3=, 167-8. =Conciliador=, the, by Manasseh ben Israel, translated, =5=, 22. =Concordance of the Bible=, by Isaac Nathan ben Kalonymos, =4=, 234-5. =Condottieri=, Italian mercenaries, =4=, 286. =Confederation War=, the, Jews suffer during, =5=, 387-8. =Confession= of Faith, the, recital of, forbidden, =3=, 15. =Confessional=, the, discussed by the Jews of France, =3=, 343. “=Confessions=,” by Heine, =5=, 553-5. =Confirmation=, the rite of, introduced into German Jewish communities, =5=, 562, 573. =Confiscation= and burning, the, of Hebrew books, by the Dominicans, =3=, 542-3. by Gregory IX, =3=, 574-6, 578-9. by Pfefferkorn, =4=, 429-31, 437-8, 441, 444. under Julius III, =4=, 565. under Paul IV, =4=, 567, 583, 584-5. under Pius V, =4=, 590. under Gregory XIII, =4=, 654. at Kamieniec, =5=, 282. _See also under_ Talmud, the. “=Conflict= of Duties, the, Letter on,” by Solomon Duran I, =4=, 238. =Conforte, David=, itinerant rabbi and historian, =5=, 202. =Congress.= _See_ Aix-la-Chapelle; Rastadt; Vienna. =Coniah.= _See_ Jehoiachin. =Conrad III=, emperor, protects the Jews during the second crusade, =3=, 351, 416. joins the second crusade, =3=, 353, 354. =Conrad of Wintertur=, exculpates the Jews from the charge of well poisoning, =4=, 106, 108. =Consistorial organization=, in France, approved by Napoleon, =5=, 498. established in Westphalia, =5=, 501-2.