=Excommunication=, as used by Gamaliel II, =2=, 339, 347. regulated by the Usha Synhedrion, =2=, 405. practiced by Simon II, =2=, 446. introduced into Babylonia, =2=, 517. used by Judah ben Ezekiel, =2=, 551-2. the right of, granted to the Patriarchs, =2=, 612-13. as dispensed in Jewish Babylonia, =2=, 99-100. introduced among the Karaites, =3=, 151. freely used by Paltoi ben Abayi, =3=, 177. threatened for violating the secrecy of a letter, =3=, 245. threatened for reproaching a repentant apostate, =3=, 246. threatened for accepting an office from Christian authorities, =3=, 518. pronounced in Poland only with the concurrence of the whole community, =4=, 265. employed by the rabbis of Turkey, =4=, 599. objected to by Mendelssohn, =5=, 362-3. forbidden by the Austrian government, =5=, 614. =Excommunication of=, the community of Fars, =3=, 194. Joseph ben Isaac Ibn-Abitur, =3=, 238. informers and traitors revived, =3=, 378. fault-finders with a bill of divorce after its delivery, =3=, 378. the Maimunists, =3=, 528-9, 535. the Anti-Maimunists, =3=, 530, 536. Donin, =3=, 572-3. students of science, =4=, 39-40. Uriel da Costa, =4=, 58-63. Spinoza, =5=, 93, 94. Sabbataï Zevi, =5=, 122. Chayim Malach, =5=, 214. Nehemiah Chayon, =5=, 216, 224. Chacham Zevi, =5=, 226. Podolian Sabbatians, =5=, 228. Sabbatians at Frankfort, =5=, 230. Moses Chayim Luzzatto, =5=, 240, 242. Eibeschütz’s opponents, =5=, 259, 261. Eibeschütz, =5=, 263-4. the Frankists, =5=, 276-7. Wessely, =5=, 370. the Chassidim, =5=, 392, 393. young Galician scholars, =5=, 614. =Exegesis of the Bible=, taught Origen by the Jews, =2=, 488. Simlaï’s sober method of, =2=, 499, 501-2. incorrect, favored by the Talmud, =2=, 633. by Anan ben David, =3=, 133. freedom in, the principal dogma of Karaism, =3=, 157. special study of the Karaites, =3=, 180. cultivated by the Spanish Jews in the tenth and eleventh centuries, =3=, 235. by Ibn-Janach, =3=, 262, 263. by Yizchaki, =3=, 273. by Rashi, =3=, 288. by Moses ben Samuel Ibn-G’ikatilia, =3=, 290. supplanted by the study of the Talmud in Spain, =3=, 317. by the Tossafists, =3=, 345-6. by Abraham Ibn-Ezra, =3=, 368, 370-1, 371-3. by David Kimchi, =3=, 394. decay of, in the post-Maimunic time, =3=, 561. neglected in Spain in the fourteenth century, =4=, 91. Jewish, praised by Reuchlin, =4=, 441-2. scientific, founded by Richard Simon, =5=, 178. by S. D. Luzzatto, =5=, 623-4. by Sachs, =5=, 692-3. by the rationalistic school, =5=, 695-6. _See also_ Scriptures, the, commentary on. =Exeter=, the Council of, anti-Jewish decrees of, =3=, 645. “=Exilarch=, the, Feast of,” court at the Exilarch’s, =3=, 95.