=Italy, the Jews of=, in the fifth and sixth centuries, =3=, 27-34. governed by the decrees of Theodosius I, =3=, 29-30. and Pope Gelasius, =3=, 29. under Theodoric, =3=, 29-30. Cassiodorus on, =3=, 31. support Theodatus, =3=, 31-2. under the Byzantine rule, =3=, 32. under the Lombards, =3=, 33. under Pope Gregory I, =3=, 33-4. devoted to the Agada in the ninth century, =3=, 160. banishment of, decreed by Louis II, =3=, 174. yield precedence to the Jews of Spain, =3=, 236. uncultured in the eleventh century, =3=, 290. political position of, favorable, =3=, 290. culture of, before Abraham Ibn-Ezra, =3=, 369. taught the importance of Hebrew grammar, =3=, 371. in the twelfth century, =3=, 421-4. not interested in Talmud study, =3=, 421. favorable condition of, under Alexander III, =3=, 421. speak four languages, =3=, 423. influence of Abraham Ibn-Ezra on, =3=, 423. address Solomon ben Adret for religious decisions, =3=, 620. in the Maimunist controversy, =3=, 624. refuse to support Solomon Petit, =3=, 627-8. political condition of, in the thirteenth century, =3=, 628. influenced by Maimonides’ philosophical works, =3=, 629-30. culture of, in the fourteenth century, =4=, 59. Maimonides’ works translated for, =4=, 60. distress of, during Vincent Ferrer’s crusade, =4=, 218. delegates of, wait on Martin V, =4=, 219. poetry of, in the fifteenth century, =4=, 230. Eugenius IV’s bull against, =4=, 251. Nicholas V’s bull against, =4=, 253. Nicholas V abolishes the privileges of, =4=, 254. privileges of, as financiers, =4=, 286. as physicians, =4=, 287. on friendly terms with Christians, =4=, 287-8. culture of, in the fifteenth century, =4=, 289. as printers, =4=, 289. participate in the renaissance, =4=, 289, 290. influence of German immigrants on, =4=, 294. the clergy arouses ill-will against, =4=, 295-6. Bernardinus of Feltre preaches against, =4=, 296. instructed how to receive the Portuguese embassy, =4=, 340. popes friendly to, =4=, 407. joined by numerous exiles, =4=, 408. ruled over by the immigrants, =4=, 408. adherents of Asher Lämmlein, =4=, 485. submit questions to the Polish Talmudists, =4=, 639. suffer from the Catholic reaction, =4=, 653-5. under the jurisdiction of the Inquisition, =4=, 654. conversion of, planned by Gregory XIII, =4=, 654-5. bribe the censors, =4=, 659. poor, =5=, 205. emancipated by the French, =5=, 459. send deputies to the Assembly of Notables, =5=, 482, 488. emancipation of, nullified by Pius VII, =5=, 518. address the Congress of Aix-la-Chapelle, =5=, 527. influenced by the moderate Reform movement, =5=, 582-3. _See also under_ Franks, the, the empire of, the Jews of; Rome, the Jews of. =Italy, Lower=, the Jews of, protected by Gregory I, =3=, 33.