=1391.= Ferdinand Martinez incites the mob against the Jews of Seville. THE MASSACRE AND PLUNDER OF THE JEWS SPREADS FROM CASTILE TO ARAGON, MAJORCA, AND OTHER PARTS OF SPAIN. Many Jews converted to Christianity: =Marranos=. Solomon Levi of Burgos (Paul de Santa Maria, 1350-1435), begins his machinations against Judaism. 1392. Joao I of Portugal forbids force in the conversion of Jews. 1394. _Third and last expulsion of the Jews from France_, under Charles VI. 1396(about). Writings in defence of Judaism by Joshua ben Joseph Ibn-Vives Allorqui (Geronimo de Santa Fé), Chasdaï Crescas, and _Profiat Duran_. 1399. Persecution of the Jews of Prague at the instigation of the apostate Pessach; Lipmann of Mühlhausen among the sufferers. 1408. _Alfonso X’s anti-Jewish laws revived_ under Juan II of Castile. Don Meïr Alguades, rabbi and physician, executed on the charge of host desecration. Kabbalistic studies flourish in Spain. 1408. Simon Duran (1361-1444), rabbi of Algiers. 1410. _Chasdaï Crescas publishes his religio-philosophic work._ 1412. Juan II issues an edict of twenty-four articles designed to reduce the social prestige of the Jews. Vincent Ferrer preaches Christianity in the synagogues, and inflames the populace against the Jews. SECOND GENERAL MASSACRE OF JEWS IN ALL THE SPANISH PROVINCES. Numerous Jews submit to baptism. 1413. _Religious disputation at Tortosa_ arranged by Pope Benedict XIII between Geronimo de Santa Fé (Joshua Lorqui), and Vidal ben Benveniste Ibn-Labi and _Joseph Albo_. Many Jews submit to baptism. 1415. Benedict XIII forbids the study of the Talmud, and _ordains the Jew badge_ and _Christian sermons for Jews_. 1419. Martin V issues a bull deprecating the forced conversion of Jews. 1420. Persecution of the Jews of Austria. 1421. _Jacob ben Moses Mölin Halevi_ (_Maharil_, 1365-1427), compiler of the German synagogue liturgy and melodies. 1426. The Jews of Cologne banished. 1428. JOSEPH ALBO (1380-1444) publishes his philosophical work IKKARIM.