1431. The Jews of South Germany persecuted on account of the blood accusation. 1431. Menachem of Merseburg (Meïl Zedek) regulates divorce proceedings. 1432. A synod at Avila under Abraham Benveniste Senior provides for an _educational system for Jewish Spain_ (the law of Avila). Moses ben Isaac (Gajo) da Rieti (1388-1451), Italian Jewish poet and physician. 1434. The COUNCIL OF BASLE renews old and devises new canonical restrictions against Jews. Annihilation of the Jews of Majorca. 1441. The Jews expelled from Augsburg. 1442. Eugenius IV issues a bull enforcing all the old canonical restrictions against the Jews of Leon and Castile. 1445. _The first Hebrew concordance_ by Isaac ben Kalonymos Nathan. 1447. Nicholas V makes Eugenius IV’s bull applicable to Italian Jews. _Casimir IV of Poland grants unusual privileges to Jews._ 1450. The Jews of Bavaria persecuted. 1451. Nicholas de Cusa enforces the wearing of Jew badges in Germany. _Pope Nicholas V authorizes the appointment of inquisitors for Marranos._ 1453. The persecution of the Jews of Germany, Silesia, and Poland at the instigation of John of Capistrano. _The Jews favored in Turkey._ Moses Kapsali chief rabbi. 1454. The privileges of the Polish Jews revoked. 1460. Alfonso de Spina publishes an attack upon Judaism. 1468. The Jews of Sepulveda charged with the blood accusation. 1470. The Marranos of Valladolid attacked. 1472. The Marranos of Cordova attacked. 1474. The Marranos of Segovia attacked. 1475. Bernardinus of Feltre preaches against the Jews in Italy. The Jews charged with the murder of _Simon of Trent_ for ritual purposes; a persecution of the Jews of Ratisbon follows. 1480(about). _Pico di Mirandola_ the first Christian scholar to devote himself to Hebrew literature. =1480.= =The Inquisition against the Marranos= established in Seville and at other places in Castile. 1482. Pope Sixtus IV denounces the cruelties of the Spanish Inquisition. 1482. THE INQUISITION AGAINST MARRANOS ESTABLISHED IN ARAGON, THOMAS DE TORQUEMADA CHIEF INQUISITOR.