Disappearance of the Memorials of Arab Civilization--Agricultural System of the Spanish Moors--Its Wonderful Perfection--Irrigating Apparatus--The Tribunal of the Waters--The Work of Ibn-al-Awam--Universal Cultivation of the Soil--Mineral Resources of the Peninsula--Manufactures--The Great Moslem Emporiums of the Mediterranean--Commerce--Its Extensive Ramifications--Articles of Traffic--Commercial Prosperity of Sicily--The Magnetic Needle--Gunpowder and Artillery--War--Coinage--Characteristics of the Khalifs--Demoralization of the People--The Bath--General Prevalence of Superstition--Social Life of the Moslems of Europe--Privileges of Women--Polygamy and Morals--Slavery--Amusements--The Game of Chess--Other Pastimes--Dances--Music--Equestrian Sports--The Bull Fight--The Tilt of Reeds--The Course of the Rings--Hawking--Peculiarities of Hispano-Arab Civilization--The Crusades--Their Effect on Christendom--Unrivalled Achievements of the Moors in Europe--Conclusion 595 HISTORY OF THE MOORISH EMPIRE IN EUROPE [Illustration] CHAPTER XXIII INFLUENCE OF THE MOORS ON EUROPE THROUGH THE EMPIRE OF FREDERICK II. AND THE STATES OF SOUTHERN FRANCE 1194–1250 Permanence of Arab Ideas in the South of Europe--Social Corruption--Revolts against the Papacy--Antagonism of the Holy See and the German Empire--Consolidation of the Papal Power under Innocent III.--Civilizing Agencies in Sicily--Influence of the Normans as Heirs of the Arabs--Birth of Frederick II.--Character of Innocent III.--Genius of the Emperor--His Reforms--System of Jurisprudence--Commerce--Legislation--The University of Naples--The Medical School of Salerno--Character of Frederick--His Court--The South of France--Its Early Civilization--Cosmopolitan Character of its Population--Its Wealth, Intelligence, and Profligacy---Debased Condition of the Clergy--The University of Montpellier--The Troubadours--The Albigenses--Their Defiance of Rome--A Crusade is preached against Them--They are annihilated--Cruelty of the Crusaders--Parallel between the Civilization of Sicily and Languedoc--Survival of the Philosophical Principles and Opinions of the Thirteenth Century.