Opportunity afforded in Virginia for the Colored Man to be enlightened.--Stringent Laws enacted.--History of Schools for the Colored Population in the District of Columbia 147 CHAPTER XIII. JOHN BROWN--HERO AND MARTYR. John Brown's Appearance in Kansas.--He denounces Slavery in a Political Meeting at Osawatomie.--Mrs. Stearns's Personal Recollection of John Brown.--Kansas infested by Border Ruffians.--The Battle of Harper's Ferry.--The Defeat and Capture of Captain John Brown.--His Last Letter written to Mrs. Steams.--His Trial and Execution.--His Influence upon the Anti-slavery Question at the North.--His Place in History 214 Part 7. _THE NEGRO IN THE WAR FOR THE UNION._ CHAPTER XIV. DEFINITION OF THE WAR ISSUE. Increase of Slave Population in Slave-holding States from 1850-1860.--Products of Slave Labor.--Basis of Southern Representation.--Six Seceding States organize a New Government.--Constitution of the Confederate Government.--Speech by Alexander H. Stephens.--Mr. Lincoln in Favor of Gradual Emancipation.--He is elected President of the United States.--The Issue of the War between the States 228 CHAPTER XV. "A WHITE MAN'S WAR." The First Call for Troops.--Rendition of Fugitive Slaves by the Army.--Col. Tyler's Address to the People of Virginia.--General Isaac R. Sherwood's Account of an Attempt to secure a Fugitive Slave in his Charge.--Col. Steedman refuses to have his Camp searched for Fugitive Slaves by Order from Gen. Fry.--Letter from Gen. Buell in Defence of the Rebels in the South.--Orders issued by Generals Hooker, Williams, and Others, in Regard to harboring Fugitive Slaves in Union Camps.--Observation Concerning Slavery from the "Army of the Potomac."--Gen. Butler's Letter to Gen. Winfield Scott.--It is answered by the Secretary of War.--Horace Greeley's Letter to the President.--President Lincoln's Reply.--Gen. John C. Fremont, Commander of the Union Army in Missouri, issues a Proclamation emancipating Slaves in his District.--It is disapproved by the President.--Emancipation Proclamation by Gen. Hunter.--It is rescinded by the President.--Slavery and Union joined in a Desperate Struggle 241 CHAPTER XVI. THE NEGRO ON FATIGUE DUTY. Negroes employed as Teamsters and in the Quartermaster's Department.--Rebel General Mercer's Order to the Slave-holders issued from Savannah.--He receives Orders from the Secretary of War to impress a Number of Negroes to build Fortifications.--The Negro proves himself Industrious and earns Promotion 260 CHAPTER XVII. THE EMANCIPATION PROCLAMATIONS.