paid over to the United States, and such tendency may moreover be suppressed by Congress at any time, by the exercise of its power of revision and control. In order to vest the supervision and control of the whole subject of navigation in Congress, it was further provided that no State, without the consent of Congress, shall lay any duty of tonnage. An exception, proposed by some of the Maryland and Virginia members, with a view to the situation of the Chesapeake Bay, illustrates the object of this provision. They desired that the States might not be restrained from laying duties of tonnage "for the purpose of clearing harbors and erecting light-houses." It was perhaps capable of being contended, that, as the regulation of commerce was already agreed to be vested in the general government, the States were restrained by that general provision from laying tonnage duties. The object of the special restriction was, to make this point entirely certain; and the object of the proposed exception was to divide the commercial power, and to give the States a concurrent authority to regulate tonnage for a particular purpose. But a majority of the States considered the regulation of tonnage an essential part of the regulation of trade. They adopted the suggestion of Mr. Madison, that the regulation of commerce was, in its nature, indivisible, and ought to be wholly under one authority. The exception was accordingly rejected.[307] The same restriction, with the like qualification of the consent of Congress, was applied to the keeping of troops or ships of war in time of peace, entering into agreements or compacts with another State or a foreign power, or engaging in war, unless actually invaded or in such imminent danger as will not admit of delay.[308] FOOTNOTES: [232] Art. VII. § 1 of the first draft of the Constitution. Elliot, V. 378. [233] August 18. Elliot, V. 440. [234] A committee of one member from each State. [235] Elliot, V. 441. To the same grand committee was afterwards referred the subject of the militia. See _infra_. [236] August 21. Elliot, V. 451. [237] August 22. Ibid. 462. [238] See the proceedings which took place, August 22, 24, and 25. Elliot, V. 462, 463, 464, 471, 475-477. [239] Elliot, V. 476, 477. Mr. Madison says, "This proposition, as being unnecessary, was disagreed to"; that is, unnecessary as a security of the _old debts_ of the United States. [240] Ibid. 506, 507. [241] Elliot, V. 478, 479. [242] Constitution, Art. I. §9. See the proceedings which took place on the proposition of the Maryland delegates. Elliot, V. 478, 479, 483, 502, 545. [243] Elliot, V. 543. Constitution, Art. I. § 8, clause 1. [244] Elliot, V. 439. [245] Ibid. 506, 507. [246] Ibid. 434. Journal, Elliot, I. 245. [247] See the debate, and Mr. Madison's explanation of his vote, Elliot, V. 434, 435, and the note on the latter page. [248] Constitution, Art. I. § 8, clause 9. [249] Ibid., clause 11. [250] Elliot, V. 436.