Louis of France, son of Philip Augustus, is appealed to by the barons. Death of John (October, 1216). Lecture VIII.--Page 319 Charters of Henry III. First Charter of Henry III. (November, 1216). Louis of France renounces his title to the Crown, and leaves England. Second Charter of Henry III. (1217). Forest Charter granted by Henry III. (1217). Confirmation of Charters (1225). Revocation of Charters (1227). New confirmation of Charters (1237). Continual violation of Charters. Civil war. Renewal of Charters (1264). New confirmation of Charters (1267). Death of Henry III. (November 16, 1272). {xvii} Lecture IX.--Page 325 Conclusion of the history of Charters under the reign of Edward I. Political conflict follows civil war. The king frequently violates the Charters, especially in the matter of imposts. The barons resist energetically. Edward gives a definitive confirmation to the Charters (1298-1301). A bull of Clement V., solicited by Edward I., annuls the Charters. Its failure. Death of Edward I. (July 7, 1307) Lecture X.--Page 334 Necessity of inquiring into the political sense of the word _representation_ at the time when a representative government began to be formed. Mistaken theories on this subject. Rousseau's theory, which denies representation and insists on individual sovereignty. Theories of writers who attempt to reconcile the principle of representation with that of individual sovereignty. Erroneousness of the idea that the sovereignty belongs to the majority. True idea of representation. Lecture XI.--Page 350 Formation of a Parliament. Introduction of county deputies into the Parliament. Relations of the county deputies to the great barons. Parliament of Oxford (1258). Its regulations, termed the Acts of Oxford. Hesitancy of the county deputies between the great barons and the crown. Lecture XII.--Page 359 Struggle between Henry III. and his Parliament. Arbitration of Saint Louis. The Earl of Leicester heads the great barons in their struggle with the king. He is defeated and killed at Evesham (1265). Admission of deputies from towns and boroughs into Parliament (1264). Royalist reaction. Leicester's memory remains popular. Lecture XIII.--Page 368 Progress of the Parliament under the reign of Edward I. Frequent holding of Parliament. Different composition of Parliaments. Deputies from the counties and towns were not always present. Discretionary power of the king in the convocation of barons. The varying number of county and borough deputies. Lecture XIV.--Page 377 Mode of election of the deputies of counties and boroughs. Who were the electors? No uniform principle to regulate elections in boroughs and towns. Voting in public. {xviii}