Measures taken for the security of its deliberations. Division of the Parliament into two Houses. Speaker of the House of Commons. Firmness of the House of Commons in maintaining its right to grant taxes. Accounts given by the government of the collection of the taxes. Appropriation of the funds granted by Parliament. Parliamentary legislation. Difference between statutes and ordinances. Lecture XXIII.--Page 484 Continuation of the history of the progress of the Commons House of Parliament during the reign of Edward III. Their interference in questions of peace and war; and on the internal peace of the kingdom. Their resistance of the influence of the Pope, and of the national clergy, in temporal affairs. First efforts of the Commons to repress abuses at elections. First traces of function of Committees of both Houses to investigate certain questions in common. Lecture XXIV.--Page 494 State of the Parliament under Richard II. Struggle between absolute royalty and parliamentary government. Origin of the Civil List. Progress of the responsibility of ministers. Progress of the returns of the employment of the public revenue. The Commons encroach upon the government. Reaction against the sway of the Commons. Violence and fall of Richard II. Progress of the essential maxims and practices of representative government. {xx} Lecture XXV.--Page 509 Summary of the history of the Parliament from the death of Richard II. to the accession of the House of Stuart. Progress of the forms of procedure, and of the privileges of Parliament. Liberty of speech in both Houses. Inviolability of members of Parliament. Judicial power of the House of Lords. Decadence of the Parliament during the wars of the Roses, and under the Tudor dynasty. Causes of this decadence and of the progress of royal authority, from Henry VII. to Elizabeth. Conclusion. {1} History Of The Origin Of Representative Government In Europe. Part I. Representative Institutions In England, France, And Spain, From The Fifth To The Eleventh Century. Lecture I. Simultaneous development of history and civilization. Two errors in our method of considering the past; proud disdain, or superstitious admiration. Historic impartiality the vocation of the present age. Divisions of the history of the political institutions of Europe into four great epochs. Representative government was the general and natural aim of these institutions. Object of the course; inquiry into the origin of representative government in France, Spain, and England. State of mind appropriate to this inquiry. Views of History.