The kings, under the Anglo-Saxon monarchy, were at first called _Heretogs_, leaders of armies; but it is a mistake to explain and limit their prerogatives by the name which they bore. The power of arms was then so great, and all other powers seemed so inferior and subject to it, that they all fell under the generic term which contained within itself nearly every idea of force and empire. The most different powers were embraced under this single denomination, and we must not suppose that the kings limited their functions to those which it seems to indicate; the Anglo-Saxon kings were not merely military leaders; they managed all the internal administration of the realm, in concert with the Wittenagemot. Their attributes were not more determinate than those of that assembly. With it, they directed all the affairs of the nation; and their surveillance, being perpetual, was more close and active. They were addressed as the highest authority, and also as possessing the most information on public affairs. Thus the right of presiding over the general assemblies and proposing the subjects for deliberation, belonged exclusively to them. The royal authority, however, not being sustained by a strong and regular organization, decreased in power in proportion as the great proprietors increased in influence and became firmly established in their domains. Towards the end of the Anglo-Saxon monarchy, the large landowners, sole masters on their own estates, began to do everything by themselves. They coined money, administered justice, and levied soldiers. And we must not imagine that this assumption of sovereign rights by local chieftains was regarded, by the people, as an act of iniquity and violence: it was a necessity of the social condition of the country. Royalty was no more capable of wielding all the central power, than the nation was of maintaining and exercising all its liberties. {55} Lecture VI. The true principle of representative government. Error of classifying governments according to their external forms. Montesquieu's error with respect to the origin of the representative system. Necessary correlation and simultaneous formation of society and government. Rousseau's mistaken hypothesis of the social contract. The nature of rightful sovereignty. Confused and contradictory ideas entertained on this subject. Societies, as individuals, possess the right of being placed under laws of justice and reason. Governments ought to be continually reminded of their obligation to inquire into and conform to these laws. Classification of governments on this principle. Principle Of Representative Government.