Gradual degradation of Spain and Portugal 4 Tyranny of the Church and of the Governments 5, 6 Mal-administration of the laws 6 Disuse of the Cortes 7 Condition of the Nobles 7 Of the army 8 Improvement among the Clergy 9 State of the Religious Orders 11 Improving literature 12 Morals 12 National character unchanged 14 Both countries in a favourable state for improvement 14 Both become dependent upon France 15 Causes and progress of the French Revolution 16 Buonaparte 19 Military power of France 23 The Conscription 23 Change in the constitution and character of the French army 29 Levelling principle of the Revolutionary service 30 Honourable character of the old French army 32 Honour not the principle of despotism 32 Education in the hands of the Clergy before the Revolution 33 The whole system destroyed 35 Public instruction promised by the Revolutionists 36 Talleyrand’s scheme 36 Religion omitted 36 Condorcet’s scheme 36 Religion proscribed 37 Scheme of the National Convention 37 Domestic education proscribed 38 None of these schemes attempted in practice 39 Normal schools 40 Consequences of these visionary schemes 41 Attachment of the Jacobins to Buonaparte 42 A system of education necessary for his views 43 Imperial University 44 Communal Colleges 46 Ecclesiastical schools 47 Lyceums 49 First Catechism 50